Ford,
Henry (1863-1947), American industrialist, best known for his pioneering
achievements in the automobile industry.
Ford
was born on a farm near Dearborn, Michigan, on July 30, 1863, and educated in
district schools. He became a machinist's apprentice in Detroit at the age of
16. From 1888 to 1899 he was a mechanical engineer, and later chief engineer,
with the Edison Illuminating Company. In 1893, after experimenting for several
years in his leisure hours, he completed the construction of his first
automobile, and in 1903 he founded the Ford Motor Company.
Automobile
Production
In
1913 Ford began using standardized interchangeable parts and assembly-line
techniques in his plant. Although Ford neither originated nor was the first to
employ such practices, he was chiefly responsible for their general adoption
and for the consequent great expansion of American industry and the raising of
the American standard of living.
By
early 1914 this innovation, although greatly increasing productivity, had
resulted in a monthly labor turnover of 40 to 60 percent in his factory,
largely because of the unpleasant monotony of assembly-line work and repeated
increases in the production quotas assigned to workers. Ford met this
difficulty by doubling the daily wage then standard in the industry, raising it
from about $2.50 to $5. The net result was increased stability in his labor
force and a substantial reduction in operating costs. These factors, coupled
with the enormous increase in output made possible by new technological
methods, led to an increase in company profits from $30 million in 1914 to $60
million in 1916.
In
1908 the Ford company initiated production of the celebrated Model T. Until
1927, when the Model T was discontinued in favor of a more up-to-date model,
the company produced and sold about 15 million cars. Within the ensuing few
years, however, Ford's preeminence as the largest producer and seller of
automobiles in the nation was gradually lost to his competitors, largely
because he was slow to adopt the practice of introducing a new model of
automobile each year, which had become standard in the industry. During the
1930s Ford adopted the policy of the yearly changeover, but his company was
unable to regain the position it had formerly held.
Labor
Problems
In
the period from 1937 to 1941, the Ford company became the only major
manufacturer of automobiles in the Detroit area that had not recognized any
labor union as the collective bargaining representative of employees. At
hearings before the National Labor Relations Board Ford was found guilty of
repeated violations of the National Labor Relations Act. The findings against
him were upheld on appeal to the federal courts. Ford was constrained to
negotiate a standard labor contract after a successful strike by the workers at
his main plant at River Rouge, Michigan, in April 1941.
Wartime
Production
Early
in 1941 Ford was granted government contracts whereby he was, at first, to
manufacture parts for bombers and, later, the entire airplane. He thereupon
launched the construction of a huge plant at Willow Run, Michigan, where
production was begun in May 1942. Despite certain technical difficulties, by
the end of World War II (1945) this plant had manufactured more than 8000
planes.
Other
Activities
Ford
was active in several other fields besides those of automobile and airplane
manufacturing. In 1915 he chartered a peace ship, which carried him and a
number of like-minded individuals to Europe, where they attempted without
success to persuade the belligerent governments to end World War I. He was
nominated for the office of U.S. senator from Michigan in 1918 but was defeated
in the election. In the following year he erected the Henry Ford Hospital in
Detroit at a cost of $7.5 million. In 1919 he became the publisher of the
Dearborn Independent, a weekly journal, which at first published anti-Semitic
material. After considerable public protest, Ford directed that publication of
such articles be discontinued and that a public apology be made to the Jewish
people.
Advancing
age obliged Ford to retire from the active direction of his gigantic
enterprises in 1945. He died on April 7, 1947, in Dearborn. Ford left a
personal fortune estimated at $500 to $700 million, bequeathing the largest
share of his holdings in the Ford Motor Company to the Ford Foundation, a
nonprofit organization.
ВОСТОЧНЫЙ ЛИЦЕЙ
REFERAT
и
На тему:
Выполнил
учащийся 1 курса экономического отделения
Барабанкин Сергей.
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
1999
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