Enzyme Technology Essay, Research Paper
The food and drink industry depends heavily on enzymes.
Enzymes produced by yeast have been used for thousands of years in brewing and
baking. High fructose syrup contains fructose and glucose in roughly
equal proportions. The high fructose syrup is greater in demand than pure
glucose as food and drink sweeteners, because fructose is sweeter than glucose.
Therefore, if glucose can be converted into fructose, its commercial value is
increased greatly. ?Biological systems
are increasingly being used in the provision of goods and services.
Traditionally they have featured in well-established industries such as
brewing, baking, wine-making and cheese manufacture. Modern biotechnology also
now includes the use of biological catalysts in products such as washing
powders and ‘diet’ versions of drinks; the recycling or cleaning of waste and
remediation of land; and the use of DNA technology to develop new crops and
medicines. Enzymatic treatments are a now a major way of producing
sweeteners, including syrups derived from sucrose derived from sucrose or
starch that contain mixtures of glucose, maltose, fructose, and other sugars.
High fructose syrup (HFS) from maize starch has now eclipsed sucrose as the
major sweetener used in US food industry. More than eight million of HFS are
sold annually. What is HFS? HFS stands for High Fructose
Syrup. It is made from a cheap raw material starch. Typically the production of
HFS uses four enzymes in three distinct stages: Liquefaction Starch obtained as by-product after valuable oil and
protein has been extracted from maize. Starch solution (about 33% starch by
mass in water) is boiled and treated with a-amylase, an enzyme from Bacillus licheniformis. At this
temperature the enzyme is denatured after a few minutes, but not it broken some
of the bonds in the starch molecules. Saccharificariton A cocktail of various fungal is added to the
dextrin, depending on the carbohydrate composition required in the finished
product. High glucose contents a mixture of a-amylase or pullulanase with syrup
with amyloglucosidas. After 1-3 days at 60 C, these enzymes break down the
dextrins progressively to glucose syrup. This solution is sweet, but not
sufficiently so to be used in most drinks and other foods. Isomerisation Glucose shares its chemical composition with
fructose but has a different molecular structure. This makes glucose about half
as sweet as fructose. The enzyme glucose isomerase converts glucose to
fructose, thereby increasing the sweetness of the syrup. Several spices of
microbe produce glucose isomerase. Designing
Enzymes ?The conventional
method of manufacturing Invert Sugar involves acid hydrolysis of
sucrose, the popular and cheap sweetener. However, such acid hydrolysis has a
low conversion efficiency, high-energy consumption and thus cost of production
is high. The acid-hydrolysed product also contains impurities introduced by
uncontrollable parameters during inversion. The said conversion can also be
achieved by enzymatic action of invertase on sucrose with a conversion
efficiency of almost 100% without the inherent disadvantages of acid
hydrolysis. The key to the process developed is a specific enzyme for the
continuous production of concentrated Invert Sugar using immobilised
yeast cells in an inorganic insoluble matrix. More
traditional enzyme-mediated industrial processes include the production glucose
syrup from starch. Cereal-derived starch, inexpensively produced in bulk
quantities by modern agronomic techniques, is treated with a combination of amylolytic
enzymes, resulting in its degradation to glucose. The glucose can be used for a
variety of purposes: it may be sold directly in crystalline form, or used a
food ingredient in the production of soft drinks, jams, sweets, confectionary
or ice cream. The Enzymes,
which are used in sweeteners production?
1. a-amyalse: hydrolyses a-1,4 bonds in glucose
polymers, but only within chains, yielding shorter chains(dextrins). Obtained
commercially from bacteria (e.g. Bacillus spp.). 2. B-amylase:? hydrolyses a-1, 4 bonds in glucose
polymers, breaking off successive maltose units from the (non-reducing) ends of
the obtained commercially from barely and malt. 3. ???Amyloglucosidase: breaks a-1,
4, cleaving
glucose units progressively from the (non reducing) ends of the chain but not
slowly. Obtained commercially from the fungi Aspergillus spp. And Rhizopus
oryaze. 4. Pullulanase: hydrolyses a-1,6
bonds. Obtained commercially from the bacteria Bacillus acidopullulyticus and Klebsiella
pneumonia. 5. Glucose
isomerase: transforms glucose into its sweeter-tasting isomers fructose. Are there any improved Enzymes? Over the last decades
scientists have been trying to find better enzymes for HFS production. A Danish
scientist introduced some new bacterial a-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis
that catalysed the breakdown of starch at 100 C in 1974.This led to
significant improvements in the initial liquefaction process. Some other range
of dextrin-degrading enzymes has also been become available to satisfy the
demand for specialised sugar syrup i.e. baby food, diabetic confectionary or
for use in brewing and wine making. These investigations took a lot of time and
many scientists have been working hard in selection of microorganism. Now
scientists are still working trying to find the ideal production strain. ??? Further
Investigations? ??????????? Further
investigations showed that of the hundreds of amino acids residues making up
glucose isomerase, just two were responsible for the weak links. By
substituting these amino acids with others that bound more tightly to their
neighbours, the proteins were able to produce a more stable enzyme. This was
done by altering a small selection of the DNA that coded for glucose isomerase.?
Другие работы по теме:
The Factors That Affect The Pectinase In
The Production Of Apple Juice. Essay, Research Paper Plan.During this experiment I intend to discover what affects of concentration upon Pectinase and the yield of apple juice it
TaySach Disease Essay Research Paper TaySach Disease
Tay-Sach Disease Essay, Research Paper Tay-Sach Disease A Tragic Genetic Disease Christine Woods-Sosso What is Tay-Sachs disease? Tay-Sach disease is a tragic inheritied birth defect, that eventually kills the person with it. The symptoms appear around the age of 6 months in what seems to be a healthy baby.
Hatchet Essay Research Paper His dad and
Hatchet Essay, Research Paper His dad and mom were divored. The boy was on his way to see is dad. so he got in a plane. & on the way the ploit showed he to fly the plane . then the ploit
Impact Of Technology Essay Research Paper We
Impact Of Technology Essay, Research Paper We live in 21th century which century of develop, everyday, we hear and see many many new products. Some of them was made by a bad purpose, however, the futture will be better than today with impact of technology for serveral reasons.First of all, in future robots will instead of people to do monotonous, hard and risk work.
Technology And Media Essay Research Paper Look
Technology And Media Essay, Research Paper Look around us today, what do you see? Technology being thrown at you from all kinds of places. For one the media has brought technology to another level. But if you really look at the whole picture technology is media. The both of them interact with each other. We are swamped by media and technology, having no control over it, and don’t know what to believe about technology anymore.
Tay Sachs Essay Research Paper TaySachsTaySachs disease
Tay Sachs Essay, Research Paper Tay-Sachs Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that occurs in children. This disease causes their central nervous system to breakdown, which in turn is the basis for their death. The disease is named for Warren Tay and Bernard Sachs.
Changes In Life Essay Research Paper Today
Changes In Life Essay, Research Paper Today we live in a society that is always changing. This is because of technology. New technology allows us to work faster and better than before. Unfortunately, people have not learned to live together in peace. If I ruled the world, I would try to bring all people together.
Technology Essay Research Paper People very often
Technology Essay, Research Paper People very often debate whether technology is good or bad. Many people believe that technology can only cause harm to their lives and society, while many others strongly defend the technologies which have made their lives much more leisurely and enriching than it could have been several hundred years ago.
Printer Technology Essay Research Paper Since the
Printer Technology Essay, Research Paper Since the introduction of computers into our society, there have been countless advancements in this technology. One of the most frequently used output devices in the computer system is the printer. Like all other components of the computer, this piece of equipment has been developed and improved over time.
Enzymes Essay Research Paper Enzymes EssayIntroductionEnzymes are
Enzymes Essay, Research Paper Enzymes Essay Introduction Enzymes are the sparks that start the essential chemical reactions our bodies need to live. They are necessary for digesting food, for stimulating the brain, for providing cellular energy, and for repairing all tissues, organs, and cells.
Computer Gave Technology A Bo Essay
, Research Paper The computer has come a long way since it was first invented, which put the power of technology in the spotlight. Through the years there have been many advances with the help of computers. Advances in which have been of great help.
Technology Advances Essay Research Paper TECHNOLOGYThe technology
Technology Advances Essay, Research Paper TECHNOLOGY The technology we have today would of boggled the minds of people from long, long ago. I mean people from B.C. times. When they were around their technology was being able to write, and paint of cave walls, and being able to make spears, bows, and arrows.
Enzymes Essay Research Paper An enzyme is
Enzymes Essay, Research Paper An enzyme is a catalyst, which is a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called its substrate. While the enzyme is bound to the substrate, the catalytic action converts the substrate to the product.
Enzyme Report Essay Research Paper Enzyme ActivityAbstractThe
Enzyme Report Essay, Research Paper Enzyme Activity Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to test the effects of different sugar types with pH and temperatures. We are testing to see if there is a difference in reaction and reaction time when placed into different temperature and pH. We are looking for changes in color, solidity, reaction time, etc.
Food Stamps Essay Research Paper while others
Food Stamps Essay, Research Paper while others think that giving away food stamps is a helpful thing, i think that the gov. should stop distrubuting food stamps. the aqusition and use of food stamps is frequently abused. people can easily obtain food stamps by creating their eligibility even if it involves cheating. one thing i believe that the government should stop handing out food stamps is that most of the people who receive food stamps are capable of working.
Honey Bee Dances Essay Research Paper The
Honey Bee Dances Essay, Research Paper The honey bee does a waggle dance is the food source is MORE THAN 50 meters away. A waggle dance is when the bee does a little ditty like a figure-eight. If the food source is LESS THAN 50 meters
Myths Essay Research Paper Is Information Technology
Myths Essay, Research Paper Is Information Technology a good thing? With the invention of the silicon chip, fiber optic cable and satellite communications the information superhighway is real. This global network of computers makes it possible to move massive amounts of information virtually anyplace.
Spinal Injury Essay Research Paper Discusses a
Spinal Injury Essay, Research Paper Discusses a possibly new treatment for spinal injury. Scientists may have discovered a new treatment for spinal cord injuries by regenerating the cells in the brain and the spinal cord. The key to is to regenerate the damaged nerve fibers. The major problem is that damage to the brain and spinal cord is permanent and does not heal by itself.
Protein Synthesis Essay Research Paper Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Essay, Research Paper Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is the process by which genetic information from the DNA stored in the nucleus is transferred to the ribosomes where it is used to arrange amino acids into proteins.