, Research Paper
The value of controlled airspace in the United States is for the safety of all commercial and general aviation flights. Utter chaos reigns in skies without controlled airspace. With thousands of airplanes in the skies every day carrying hundred of thousand of people the necessity of a means of controlling them becomes relevant. The (FAA) Federal Aviation Administration is the regulative department of the United States Government that controls the skies in the U.S. The FAA divided the airspace into different categories, all of which have different regulations and limits on both horizontal and vertical airspace restrictions. They are broken down into basically three distinct airspaces: Class B, Class C, and Class D.
Class B airspace is controlled airspace that extends upward from the ground surface to a specified altitude of 10,000 msl (mean sea level). All aircraft that operate in this airspace are subject to regulations set forth by the FAA. Some of the requirements for the pilot to operate in Class B airspace are: the pilot must at the minimum hold a private pilot certificate, and a current medical certificate. The aircrafts operating in Class B airspace must have at least three pieces of equipment; the first is a two-way radio for communication. The second piece of equipment, a transponder, tracks the aircraft?s position. The third piece of equipment is a VOR (vertical omni range), which directs the pilot?s position. Also, in order to operate in Class B airspace a person must obtain a clearance for ATC (Air Traffic Control). The speed limit in Class B airspace is restricted to 200 knots.
Throughout the country, metropolitan airports designate Class C airspace with a set of rings, extending from the surface of the earth to an altitude of 4,000 feet above the airport elevation and a radius of 5nm (nautical miles) from the center of the airport. This area is known as a primary Class C airport. There is an outer ring that extends out 10 nm from the airport and above the surface from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet. This area is used for transitioning to and from the airport. The operating rules in the Class C are similar to that of the Class B. The pilot is required to hold at least a private pilot license and a valid medical certificate and to be classified as ?current.? Current requirement entails having completed at least three takeoffs and landings in the same type of aircraft. The pilot must also complete a biannual flight review with a certified fight instructor. The aircraft must be equipped with a two-way in order to communicate with ATC, which is required prior to entering the airspace. The aircraft needs to have a transponder with altitude encoding in order for ATC to track them in the air. The VOR is also required for navigation in and around this airspace. Flights at or below 2,500 feet within 4 nm of the airport must not exceed 200 knots. This speed restriction helps to alleviate the noise caused by large aircraft over densely populated areas. A pilot is required to have aboard the aircraft a sectional chart that depicts the airspace and transition areas.
The next airspace is the Class D. This area is generally the airspace above an airport, from ground level to 2,500 feet and outward for 4 nm. The Class D airspace is considered part of the airport itself. A pilot is required to hold the same license, have a valid medical certification as the Class C and they must adhere to the same current classification requirements. A pilot must already be in communication with ATC and be cleared before entering the Class D airspace. Once the pilot is cleared he is transferred to the airport tower, which handles all the traffic within that airspace. No matter whether the aircraft is on the ground or in the air, the local tower is responsible for guiding them safely within its boundaries. The speed is limited to 200 knots within this airspace as well.
The airspace categories are a valuable asset to the United States transportation system and has been designed to protect the public and ensure the safety of the thousands of aircraft that transverse the skies. These areas are configured to allow aircraft to fly from a relatively open area into the more congested airspace over the larger cities. Without this system and its transition areas, air travel would be a very dangerous form of transportation.
Bibliography
?Class B, C, D Airspace? AOPA?s Airport Directory. 2001-2001 ed.: 35-38
Другие работы по теме:
Us And The Holocaust Essay Research Paper
The Response of the United States One of the questions that we frequently hear is about how the United States reacted to the Holocaust. Our answer is not a happy one. During World War II the United States took virtually no action to impede the Holocaust or rescue the victims from the concentration camps even though both Great Britain and the United States knew about that genocide.
Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Research Paper Ever
Cuban Missile Crisis Essay, Research Paper Ever since the Soviet Union defeated the United States in the Cold War by launching ?Sputnik? into orbit first, they thought that they had the ?upper-hand?. Soviet intelligence therefore thought they had superior intercontinental missiles. They would soon find out that they were evenly matched by the United States.
Communism Vs Democracy Essay Research Paper The
Communism Vs. Democracy Essay, Research Paper The United States of America is a country that believes in democracy and has unfavorable ties with communist countries. The United States has tried for decades to improve relations with the countries that don t practice democracy. History shows disagreements between the United States and dictators of these irreverent countries, disagreements that brought the world to the brink of nuclear war.
Pearl Harbor 3 Essay Research Paper Position
Pearl Harbor 3 Essay, Research Paper Position Paper Although the bombing of Pearl Harbor and events of World War II are far behind us and still in our minds, the United States under any and all circumstances would have gotten involved in the war eventually no matter what. Sure Pearl Harbor was the obvious reason why the United States decided to join the war, but there are some other less obvious clues that point towards our involvement no matter what the situation.
War Essay Research Paper The war between
War Essay, Research Paper The war between Japan and the United States did not have to happen. It could have been prevented by diplomacy in 1941. The United States was Japan?s principle supplier of scrap metal and oil. In 1940 Japan signed a treaty with the government of France for the establishment of airbases in French Indochina.
Castles Essay Research Paper Politicians have debated
Castles Essay, Research Paper Politicians have debated the focus of American foreign policy for decades. Of all the focal points of foreign policy, perhaps the most important should contain maintaining a strong United States dollar value. The value of the dollar determines the purchasing power of the dollar.
Why American Troops Are Being Sent Overseas
Essay, Research Paper American troops are being sent overseas to maintain peace in a nation involved in a civil war. Whether the peace troops should or should not be sent overseas, they are being sent overseas.
Discrimination Essay Research Paper Most people think
Discrimination Essay, Research Paper Most people think the United States is a good place to live, however the United States has more discrimination problems then any other nation. By eliminating, or reducing discrimination the United States would make living here pleasant for all of its residents. As a result, stopping discrimination would, make people feel safe to be then selves, allow an equal opportunity for everyone, and expand U.S culture.
Filipinos Essay Research Paper I interviewed Jake
Filipinos Essay, Research Paper I interviewed Jake who is 14 years old. Jake was born in the Philippines. He has lived in the city of San Diego for twelve years. His parents decided to come to United States for a better life for him and his future family. He traveled with his family when he came to the United States.
Iriquois Confederacy Essay Research Paper The Iroquois
Iriquois Confederacy Essay, Research Paper The Iroquois are an American Indian confederacy of New York originally consisting of the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, and Tuscarora tribes. When the constitution of the United States was being written it was proposed that the new government should be formed along the lines of the Iroquois League of Nations, which had been functioning as a democratic government for hundreds of years.
Stealing Our Rights Essay Research Paper Stealing
Stealing Our Rights Essay, Research Paper Stealing Our Rights From the dawn of the first organized communities, to the powerful United States of America today, there have always been power hungry people who
Progressive Era Essay Research Paper PhilipsUS History
Progressive Era Essay, Research Paper Philips US History II During the Progressive Era in the United States, there were many changes happening. Some were happening with the people in the United States, some with the people controlling the United States, and some changes were just going on around both of them.
Praise Of A Bilingual Country Essay Research
Paper Praise of a Bilingual Country In the essay English as Second Language, English as First Love , Stephen Baker, the author, suggests that the United States should adopt English as its official language. He does not like the idea of the United States not having an official language, and does not want the United States to become bilingual.
American Expansion Essay Research Paper In a
American Expansion Essay, Research Paper In a sense, the United States has been “expansionistic” from its very beginning. The 13 English colonies, clinging to the eastern seaboard, were determined to push westward despite all natural and political obstacles. Once established as a nation, the United States went about acquiring even more land, including Florida, the Louisiana Purchase, and the Mexican Cession.
How The Atomic Bomb Affected World War
II Essay, Research Paper Many different innovations in military strategy and weaponry effected the outcome of World War II, but none so much as the development of the Atomic Bomb. The law of supply and demand has determined
Death Penatly Essay Research Paper There are
Death Penatly Essay, Research Paper There are curretnly five authorized methods of execution in the United States. They are lethal injuction, electrocution, hanging, firing squad and lethal gas. The most common is lethal injection, followed by electrocution and then lethal gas, with only two states utilizing hanging and the firing squad.
Constitution Essay Research Paper The Constitution of
Constitution Essay, Research Paper The Constitution of the United States of America We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Immigration 2
Immigration’s Role In The Development Of The United States As A Nation Essay, Research Paper In the beginning of our country, the first people to settle in the United States were immigrants. They
Marriage Essay Research Paper In the United
Marriage Essay, Research Paper In the United States most Americans have trouble understanding the concept of an arranged marriage. Arranged marriages not only affect individuals, but also society. I believe that arranged marriages are better then personal choice marriages. I came to this conclusion on the basis of other cultures other then the culture of the United States.
Operation Desert Storm Essay Research Paper American
Operation Desert Storm Essay, Research Paper American History Essay Desert Storm In 1979 Saddam Hussien took control of Iraq, and immediately set the tone for his rule by killing 21 of his cabinet members. He wanted to make his country whole once again so in 1990 he invaded Kuwait and in less than 4 hours he had taken Kuwait and controlled 24% of the worlds oil supplies.
Puerto Rico Essay Research Paper In the
Puerto Rico Essay, Research Paper In the late 19th century, Spain monopolized and colonized many countries including Puerto Rico, Hawaii and the Philippines among others.
Puerto Rico Essay Research Paper PUERTO RICOAmong
Puerto Rico Essay, Research Paper PUERTO RICOAmong all the Caribbean territories Puerto Rico has the closest association with the United States. In 1952 a new constitution made Puerto Rico an autonomous part of the United States called the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico Essay Research Paper PUERTO RICOPuerto
Puerto Rico Essay, Research Paper PUERTO RICO Puerto Rico, many good things come from there. Beautiful beaches, beautiful women, and a beautiful culture. However, one thing that does not come from Puerto Rico is money, tax dollars to be exact. Why is it that the United States sends millions of dollars in financial aid to Puerto Rico and nothing comes back? The Puerto Ricans are a commonwealth, not a state, that’s why.
Election Of 1876 Essay Research Paper Why
Election Of 1876 Essay, Research Paper Why Hayes Should Not Have Won the Election The position of President is the most important position in the United States government. Wouldn t you think that we should have the very best man in that position that we can get? I, Samuel Tilden, feel that the Election of 1876 was a disgrace to the history of our government.
Development By Comparison-The United States
& Philippines Essay, Research Paper The Philippines and the United States are very two populated place but still very different in many ways. The United States has more job opportunities than the Philippines. So, there more successful people in America today.
Korean War Essay Research Paper The Korean
Korean War Essay, Research Paper The Korean War In the beginning Korea was controlled by the Japanese. They were driven out after WWII by the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1945, Korea was divided into North Korea and South Korea. The North was controlled by the Soviet Union and the South was controlled by the United States.
Equality In Races Essay Research Paper EQUALITY
Equality In Races Essay, Research Paper EQUALITY IN RACES I love being Puertorican and fdo think that we should always be proud of who we are, Hispanics. Also is a great thing and a good oportunity to be citizens of the United States. The problem is that we?ll always be rejected in some states and from people that think that we?re in the states because we want to take their land, works, etc. and that?s not true.
Expansionism Essay Research Paper In a sense
Expansionism Essay, Research Paper In a sense, The United States has been “expansionistic” from its very beginning. The 13 English colonies, clinging to the eastern seaboard, were determined to push westward despite all natural and political obstacles. Once established as a nation, the United States went about acquiring even more land, including Florida, the Louisiana Purchase, and the Mexican Cession.
Railroad Essay Research Paper This essay will
Railroad Essay, Research Paper This essay will be discussing briefly about the transcontinental railroad construction during 1865-1900. During the 19th century railroads had become the nation?s most important transportation source. The railroad helped the United States to improve its economic system.
Articles Of Confederation Essay Research Paper From
Articles Of Confederation Essay, Research Paper From 1781 to 1789 the Articles of Confederation provided the United States with an ineffective government, however there were some strong steps taken in the articles to try and
Naturalization Essay Research Paper Steps to Become
Naturalization Essay, Research Paper Steps to Become a Naturalized Citizen 1. Fill out application Form N-400, then take an interview. 2. Submit $25 dollars in addition to application fee, payable to the INS with your application.
Naval Warships Essay Research Paper The Navy
Naval Warships Essay, Research Paper The Navy in World War I Prior to World War I, the U.S. Navy was not a prominent factor in the foreign economy. However, it was World War I that brought about the true potential power of the U.S. Navy. After World War I, the U.S. Navy became a prominent instrument in the foreign policy of the world.
Auto Industry In Us Essay Research Paper
The biggest foreign market in the United States is the auto industry. The United States has brought the Japanese and Germans a huge fortune in the past thirty years.
The Philippines And The World Market Essay
, Research Paper The Philippines and the World Market The Philippines is considered to be one of the most westernized countries in Asia. It has strong ties to the United States and the United