Paper
Different Kinds of Optical Switches:
The biggest problem with creating an all-optical network would be the switching; re-routing the information from source A to destination B . When information is sent, it does not flow directly from point A to point B. It passes through a series of switches that narrow the path down, and eventually the signal reaches point B. These switches have thousand s of possible routes which information can be transfered. Right now, the optical networks that stretch across the globe switches electronically. This is a huge set back, if you are trying to make a network that works at the speed of light. Light travels at about 982,080,000 feet per second, and electrons at 300,000 ft/sec. So when an optical network uses an electronic switch, the light first has to be converted to an electronic signal, then it has to go through the switch, and finally the electrons are converted back to a light beam. This process only takes a few milliseconds, but these seconds can be compared to what an optical switch operates at which is nanoseconds. The signal is slowed down so much that it can be compared to going down the highway at top speed, then when you reach the off ramp you stop, get out of your car, stumble and walk awkwardly, and slowly to the next onramp then you get back in a car and speed off at top speed. Optical to electronic switches are more of an extreme, the light is going over 3,000 times faster than the electrons. It is a very unnecessary and costly reduction in speed.
Many corporations have took interest in this problem and decided to take action by inventing optical prototype switches. Some of which are faster then others, but are all faster than optical-electric switches. One of the best working switches is the MEMS Switch (shown on diagram). It uses mirrors that are less than half a millimeter in diameter. These mirrors reflect the light from one pipe to another. There are 256 mirrors that fit onto one piece of silicon that is 2.5 cm squared. There is room to improve in the number of mirrors in MEMS. But in order to make the switch efficient there will need to be over 1000 mirrors. In operation the light beam runs through an input pipe, bounces off of a MEMS mirror then diflects off of the reflector, which sends it to a mirror that reflects the light a third time into an outgoing pipe. This process takes a few milliseconds, and is thousands of times faster than any optical electric switch; it also uses hundreds of times less energy. The one problem with a mirror switch is that the mirrors may get misaligned, and send data off in strange directions. Another type of switch is the bubble switch. It uses a very unique method of reflecting a beam of light using an inkjet bubble. What happens is the light is sent into an x shaped intersection. At the center of the x there is an inkjet head, if the switch is told to turn on, the inkjet head will blow a microscopic bubble, which reflects the light down a different pathway. The inkjet head produces a bubble in a strategic point to make the ray of light make a right turn, at a right angle. This method is also very small in size, but there are problems trying to build switches that have 1000 input pipes and 1000 output pipes, due to the number of printer heads it uses. A third type of switch uses liquid crystals to direct light in different directions. It can change the orientation of polarized light, either vertical or horizontal, depending on whether a voltage is applied. The light then passes through a beam displacer, where, if the light is polarized horizontally, goes straight through. If it is polarized vertically, it moves to the right. There are many problems with this kind of switch. For one, the liquid crystals take a relatively long time to switch the polarization of the light. It also can distort the light a bit when it passes through the liquid crystals.
These are definitely not the only switches being developed for fiber optics. There is a switch that is being developed that heats the wavelength which changes the rate of the pulse of the light, and that determines which outgoing pipe to put the light into. So there are definitely some creative minds going into the development of this technology. There is also a lot of money going into it, funds are being sent to developers from many phone and television companies. They are all hoping to get a part of the wire that can carry multiple transmissions of different devices (i.e. internet, TV, phone). Fiber optics, the ultimate in transferring data.
Другие работы по теме:
Goals Essay Research Paper A goal is
Goals Essay, Research Paper A goal is an achievement you want to accomplish. Many people have goals for certain reasons. There are many different kinds of goals such as short-term and long-term. Having goals are very important to some people because it gives them a sense of self-confidence.
Animal Chromosomes Essay Research Paper Different kinds
Animal Chromosomes Essay, Research Paper Different kinds of Animal chromosomes exist with very different parts. To start, in animal cells three different kinds of chromosomes can be seen. The first kind is the X chromosome, which is one of the sex-determining chromosomes. The other sex-determining chromosome is the Y chromosome.
Antigone Essay Research Paper Death by ConvictionIndividualists
Antigone Essay, Research Paper Death by Conviction Individualists are selfish! Individualists are willing to take any and all kinds of abuse for their cause. They will stand up for what they believe in no matter what the cost. Some are called heroes; some are called psychopaths. But all of them have no doubt whatsoever about their convictions.
Lovehunnybunch Essay Research Paper When I grow
Lovehunnybunch Essay, Research Paper When I grow up, I want to be a Paleontologist. After graduuating from F.L.I.C.S I want to go to Casstech High school in Detroit and graduate with honors. After graduating form Casstech I want to study at The University of Michigan located in Ann Arbor Michigan. I want to study the life patterns and habits of Dinosaurs.
Press Censorship Essay Research Paper There are
Press Censorship Essay, Research Paper There are many kinds of censorship within our school system. Such as press Censorship, we aren’t aloud to express freely among our school?s newspaper nor
Fingerprints Essay Research Paper Fingerprints are one
Fingerprints Essay, Research Paper Fingerprints are one of the most important things that link a suspect with a crime scene. Even though that fingerprints are not always left by a criminal, the crime scene should still be examined for them. All people have distinct friction ridges on the skin of the fingers.
Clouds Essay Research Paper CloudsSarah StanoOne day
Clouds Essay, Research Paper Clouds Sarah Stano One day in the park my son pointed to the clouds and asked me why some are bigger than others are. He has always been fond of clouds. He always wonders why some clouds are dark and others are white and fluffy. Why some clouds are so up high and others are so low that you could reach up and grab them out of the sky.
Two Kinds Essay Research Paper The protagonist
Two Kinds Essay, Research Paper The protagonist Amy Tan, in the short story “Two Kinds” is a character that evolves and undergoes a lot of phases throughout the story to finally come to a point where she is happy and independent. At the beginning of the story Amy seems to be a happy and obedient little girl that agrees with everything her mom tells her.
Citizenship Essay Research Paper 1 What is
Citizenship Essay, Research Paper 1. What is citizenship? According to The Citizenship debates, by the term citizenship, we must understand not only a bundle of formal rights, but the entire mode of incorporation of individuals and groups into the society (251). Citizenship is important because it has become a legal status carrying with it rights to certain things?perhaps immunities, perhaps possessions, perhaps expectations?available or available to many kinds of person for many kinds of reasons (37).
Clouds Essay Research Paper Classification EssayCloud formations
Clouds Essay, Research Paper Classification Essay Cloud formations have always been observed by people, many centuries before our time. People were always fond of clouds. They always wondered why some clouds were dark and others were white and fluffy, and why some clouds are so up high and others were so low that they looked reachable by the human hands.
Sickle Cell Anemia Essay Research Paper Sickle
Sickle Cell Anemia Essay, Research Paper Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia is a genetic disease that affects all kinds of people and can start before a person is even born. This paper will talk about
My Crush Essay Research Paper There once
My Crush Essay, Research Paper There once was a guy i really liked Ever since 6th grade. Last year was when he moved away; Goodbye to him I bade. I really truly liked this guy.
Caught With Rye Essay Research Paper Caught
Caught With Rye Essay, Research Paper Caught With Rye An optical illusion is something that appears to be one thing, but in reality is something different. Holden Caulfield is like an optical illusion; he appears to be one way but is nothing like what he appears to be. The reason for the false appearance that Holden portrays is that society has branded him with this image.
Bless Me Ultima Essay Research Paper After
Bless Me Ultima Essay, Research Paper After reading the book Bless Me, Ultima I have realized that magic plays a very important part in this book. It is important in ways that you may not have realized. There are many different types of magic and it seems that the book Bless Me, Ultima touches every single one of those kinds.
Criminal Justice Essay Research Paper Jason C
Criminal Justice Essay, Research Paper Jason C. Clifton Clifton 1 Criminology CRJ 470 Nevelle Jones Assignment 20 July 17, 2000 High Tech Offenders What different kinds of high-tech offenders can you
Forecast Storms Essay Research Paper If you
Forecast Storms Essay, Research Paper If you know where and when to look, you can treat yourself to a colourful display of atmospheric haloes, spots and pillars. These images can tell you something about the clouds overhead and possible changes in the weather. All of these images are created by light shining through cirrostratus clouds.
Two Kinds
– Jing-Mei Character Analysis Essay, Research Paper While trying to understand the reasons for her mother wanting Jing-Mei to be great, Jing-Mei discovers the real meaning of two kinds. ?Two Kinds? is written by Amy Tan. Jing-Mei, a young Chinese girl, grew up in America with her mother, a member of the Joy Luck Club.
Public Vs Private University Essay Research Paper
Searching for the right college or university can be a long and painful process. There are undoubtedly hundreds if not thousands of colleges to review. In deciding on a college, you may take in a count the city, the state, and the status of the college or university. But the crucial decision in determining a college or university is if you want to attend a college or a university.
Storage Technologies Essay Research Paper Summary of
Storage Technologies Essay, Research Paper Summary of findings about Innovations in Magnetic and Optical storage systems. Using Nanotechnology scientists ar Rice University have been able to store 10 billion gigabytes of data on physical storage small enough to fit into a small vial. The story appeared in The Philadelphia Inquirer.
Greek Geography Essay Research Paper The geography
Greek Geography Essay, Research Paper The geography in Ancient Greece did affect the way the Greeks lived their day-to-day lives. Greek?s geography prevented most kinds of agriculture the opportunity to grow. Also, it forced most of the Greek city-states to develop their own customs and government. Being on the seafront of the Mediterranean Sea gave them many opportunities to make an empire.
How American Music Has Changed Over The
Past 50 Years Essay, Research Paper How American Music Has Changed Over The Past 50 Years People have often wondered if music has always been around. Well, to answer that question I did some research to find out where our music originated. Our first reliable music records came from the Greeks and the Romans.
Alcohol Essay Research Paper Alcohol was a
Alcohol Essay, Research Paper Alcohol was a very bad thing for me to do. But I decided to do it anyway. It got me in all kinds of trouble. Like the time I got kicked out of my house. That was real hard trying to live on my own and support my alcohol addiction. But I finally went to A.A.A. and got my life back. Thank God!! But then i had to get off the drugs and that was a very hard thing to do seeing how the parents of my friends used to give me the drugs if i gave them sex that was a very bad experince for me. but I got through it and found a way to go on.
Computer Science Essay Research Paper Computer ScienceEven
Computer Science Essay, Research Paper Computer ScienceEven before the first computer was conceptualized, data had already beenstored on hard copy medium and used with a machine. As early as 1801, thepunched card was used as a control device for mechanical looms. One andone-half centuries later, IBM joined punched cards to computers, encodingbinary information as patterns of small rectangular holes.
Fibre Optics Essay Research Paper The Properties
Fibre Optics Essay, Research Paper The Properties of Light Applied to Fibre Optics One of the basic properties of light is that it travels in straight lines and can have it s direction changed. This is the property which is applied to achieve the purpose of Fibre Optics which is to carry light from one place to another.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Essay Research Paper The
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Essay, Research Paper The measurement of nuclear and electron magnetic resonance on bulk materials was made possible by Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell and in 1952 they shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work. Until then, magnetic resonance was a measurable phenomena in which atoms were shot through a magnet as a beam.
Geometry Essay Research Paper Geometry was actually
Geometry Essay, Research Paper Geometry was actually first used in ancient Egypt and Babylon at around 2000 BC in both cases. In order for the Egyptians to build such massive structures as the pyramids they had to have made plans for them prior to the actually building, in these plans geometry had to be used.
Fibe Optics Essay Research Paper Jebb FilzTech
Fibe Optics Essay, Research Paper Jebb FilzTech ed. Id: 1407FIBER OPTICSFiber optics is a kind of optics dealing with the movement of light through fibers or thin rods of glass. If light is put at one end of a fiber, it can move through the fiber with very low loss of intensity, even if the fiber is curved.The simplest use of optical fibers is the moving of light to places hard to reach, for example, inside a dentists drill.
Friends Essay Research Paper Friends Ever since
Friends Essay, Research Paper Friends Ever since I was a child, my mother raised me to recognize and appreciate various kinds of friends. There are three different kinds of friends in this life. I classify them
Finding A Job Essay Research Paper Finding
Finding A Job Essay, Research Paper Finding a job in ones field may be hard. One should have lots of ambition and patience in looking for that one job. One should look threw different kinds of newspapers, ask friends and families, and call to set up interviews. Looking for a job does not have to be hard. One should take their time and decide on a job that makes them happy.
Child Porn Essay Research Paper Fiber Optics
Child Porn Essay, Research Paper Fiber Optics Research Paper Fiber optics is a branch of optics concerning the transmission of light by means of optical fibers, which are thin strands of glass or other optically transparent materials. Optical fibers can be used to guide light–which is electromagnetic radiation in a certain frequency range–in much the same way that metal wave guides or coaxial cables can be used to guide lower-frequency electromagnetic radiation.
Lucent Technologies Report Essay Research Paper LUCENT
Lucent Technologies Report Essay, Research Paper LUCENT TECHNOLOGY COMPANY OVERVIEW Lucent Technologies is a company that is focused on being a leader in the field of technology in building a broadband and mobile Internet community that will hopefully make a difference in the way people communicate. Lucent also provides the systems, software, silicon, and services for what has been created as the largest networking company built from the ground up in history.