Polymerase Chain Reaction Essay, Research Paper
Introduction to PCR lab
In this experiment polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify a
short piece of DNA from the human chromosome 8. A short insertion of a DNA
sequence, in this case Alu, which is found to be within the tissue plasminogen
activator gene on chromosome 8, is observed very carefully. Even though the DNA
from human to human does not differ a whole lot and has many similarities the
diversity among regions of the human chromosomes is high. Because of the fact
there is a variety a sequences of TPA-25, it is said to be polymorphic meaning many forms are possible. This polymorphism helps us define the basis for diagnosis of genetic deseases, forensic identification, and paternity testing.
An Alu is a short interspersed, repetition of DNA elements that are scattered throughout the primate genome. The Alu in this element had a DNA sequence of 400bp, which means if you insert the mixture of PCR and DNA and have the TPA25 present into Agarose gel Electrophoresis a fragment line will form at 400bp. It is called Alu after the single recognition site for the restriction enzyme AluI, which is detected in the middle of the Alu element.
The Alu element called TPA-25 that is used in this experiment is located within an intron if the tissue plasminogen activator gene. Because the insertion of it is only present in some individuals and in other not we can get three main result. The individual can either be homozygous for the trait, heterozygous meaning one allele has it and the other one doesn t or homozygous but does not show the trait in either allele.
In this experiment PCR will do the job to detect whether a person is
positive for the TPA-25 insertion. PCR is a process in which a particular DNA
segment from a mixture of DNA chains is rapidly replicated, producing a large,
readily analyzed sample of a piece of DNA. The DNA is then denatured to break the bonds between the strands of the DNA. When it cools, the primers bind to the separated strands, and DNA polymerase quickly builds a new strand by joining the free nucleotide bases to the primers. When this process is repeated, a strand that was formed with one primer binds to the other primer, resulting in a new strand that is restricted solely to the desired segment. Thus, the region of DNA between the primers is selectively replicated. This lab process was developed in 1985 by Kary B. Mullis and used mostly in fingerprinting and in medical tests to identify diseases from the infectious agent’s DNA.
The concept behind Electrophoresis is two identify the genotype of a
particular gene, in this case TPA-25. After a sequence has been amplified a sample of it is loaded into the wells of the Agarose gel along with a DNA weight marker and a an unamplified control of PCR. After Electrophoresis and staining the products will be visible as dark bands on the gel. By measuring how far each of these liquids traveled through the gel we can examine whether the person has the TPA-25 insertion. If two bands show up the person is said to be heterozygous meaning one allele has it the other doesn t. The control just gives us assurance that the PCR was not contaminated.
Другие работы по теме:
God The Father Essay Research Paper The
God The Father Essay, Research Paper The Chain of Being Definition Basically The Chain of Being (also called The Divine Order) is an order in which people are ranked from the closest to God, all the way down to the minerals in the earth.
Melville
’s “Bartleby The Scrivener”: Introduction Of Character Essay, Research Paper Melville’s “Bartleby the Scrivener”: Introduction of Character In the first three paragraphs of ?Bartleby the Scrivener,? Melville
Enrico Fermi Essay Research Paper Enrico FermiBy
Enrico Fermi Essay, Research Paper Enrico Fermi By: Fernando-3-C ?Enrico Fermi was an Italian-American physicist and Nobel laureate, known for achieving the first controlled nuclear reaction (Encarta 98).?
PErsonal Reaction Essay Research Paper A Personal
PErsonal Reaction Essay, Research Paper A Personal Reaction In the book, ?The Upstairs Room? by Johanna Reiss, the author uses both fact and opinion to tell the story of her life during the second world war.
Hepatitis B Virus Essay Research Paper The
Hepatitis B Virus Essay, Research Paper The Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) HBV is a mostly double-stranded DNA virus in the Hepadnaviridae family. HBV causes hepatitis in human and related virus in this family cause hepatitis in ducks, ground squirrels and woodchucks. The HBV genome has four genes: pol, env, pre-core and X that respectively encode the viral DNA-polymerase, envelope protein, pre-core protein (which is processed to viral capsid) and protein X.
Hess
’ Law Essay, Research Paper Hess’ Law:Work to be done:Find enthalpy change by measuring temperature change of a reaction. Chemicals and apparatus: Thermometer Scale Isolator NaOH, solid NaOH, 0.50M solution Acetic acid, 0.50M and 0.25M Lab: Reaction 1) The temperature of 200ml water that I poured into the isolator was 23.0єC.
LOTF Essay Research Paper Introduction
LOTF Essay, Research Paper Introduction The first main problem the boys have in the novel Lord of the Flies is that they are unprepared for survival on an uninhabited
Chemical Essay Research Paper The chemical equation
Chemical Essay, Research Paper The chemical equation 2H2+O2[right arrow]2H2O represents the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen to form water. The arrow points in the direction of the reaction from the reactants (substances that react) toward the product or products. In this case the reactants are hydrogen (written H2 because each molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen) and oxygen (written O2 because each molecule consists of two atoms of oxygen) and the product is water.
Saint Thomas Aquinas Writings Essay Research Paper
In “Summa Contra Gentiles”, by Saint Thomas Aquinas, one of the major proofs of the existence of God is the second proof. The second proof is based on the “everything has a cause” theory. He states that there are ordered lines of efficient causes, and nothing can be it’s own cause. Yet it is impossible for the line of efficient causes to extend into infinity.
Nucelar Enargy Essay Research Paper nuclear reactornuclear
Nucelar Enargy Essay, Research Paper nuclear reactor nuclear reactor, device for producing NUCLEAR ENERGY by controlled nuclear reactions. It can be used for either research or power production. The reactor is so constructed that the fission of atomic nuclei produces a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, in which the produced neutrons are able to split other nuclei.
Stars Essay Research Paper Bright Star Would
Stars Essay, Research Paper Bright Star, Would I were Steadfast as Thou Art Endymion (excerpts) The Eve of St. Agnes Fancy The Human Seasons Hyperion If by Dull Rhymes our English must be Chain’d
Broken Chain Essay Research Paper In the
Broken Chain Essay, Research Paper In the movie, Broken Chain , we can easily define the two sides, which are opposing each other; one is the six nations and the second is the British Empire. But actually, there is the third perspective in the scene, which I will go over later. There are two main characters in the six nations, one is Joseph Brant and another is Mohahehu.
American Revolution Essay Research Paper Q
American Revolution Essay, Research Paper Q: Explain why Japan reacted to western ideas by adopting a policy of isolation. How did this reaction to outside influences effect Japans development over the next few centuries.
Concentration And Temperature Affect On Reaction Essay
, Research Paper Problem: How does the concentration and temperature affect the reaction? Procedure: A. There are several parts to this procedure that tests concentration. This first is the most concentrated while solution A is the most dilute. Pour the solution from beaker to beaker to ensure mixing and clean beakers between steps and time everything.
Dna Replication Essay Research Paper DNA replication
Dna Replication Essay, Research Paper DNA replication is a complex cellular function that is necessary in order to sustain life and achieve growth. Many enzymes, proteins, and other molecules work together to ensure that genetic information is replicated efficiently, quickly, and accurately. Without any one of these components, replication would be very limited in its efficacy.
Jealousy In Gender Essay Research Paper The
Jealousy In Gender Essay, Research Paper The Influence of Jealousy in Men and Women in response to Infidelity Jealousy can be defined as ‘ a fear and rage reaction fitted to protect, maintain, and
Protien Synthesis Essay Research Paper Proteins are
Protien Synthesis Essay, Research Paper Proteins are some of the most essential compounds on the planet. They perform a variety of tasks ranging from muscle contraction to fighting diseases. Over 50% of the dry weight of organisms are made of proteins; this is because things like your nails and hair are made of proteins.
Protein Synthesis Essay Research Paper Understanding Human
Protein Synthesis Essay, Research Paper Understanding Human Genetics: From Nucleotides to Life Within the nuclei of every one of our cells lie massive amounts of information. This information is stored neatly in our chromosomes. The coding on these chromosomes dictates every aspect of our physical self, but it is useless if it simply remains undecoded in the depths of our nuclei; it must be translated into something that can be read.
Hydrogen Bomb Essay Research Paper The Hydrogen
Hydrogen Bomb Essay, Research Paper The Hydrogen Bomb The history and workings of this massive bomb Back in 1905 Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory the relation between mass and energy is expressed by the equation E=mc squared, which states that a given mass (m) is associated with an amount of energy (E) equal to this mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light (Encarta).
Dna Sequencing Essay Research Paper In 1980
Dna Sequencing Essay, Research Paper In 1980, Frederick Sanger won the Nobel prize in Chemistry along with his associateWalter Gilbert. They discovered a method for DNA sequencing that allows scientists torapidly determine the chemical structure of pieces of DNA. This method is known as dideoxy(or Sanger) sequencing.
Chaucer Reaction Paper Essay Research Paper I
Chaucer Reaction Paper Essay, Research Paper I’m really not sure how a lot of things I took away from Cheryl Brown’s Lecture related to the Canterbury Tales, but they are worthy of reaction nonetheless. I wonder really if we are limited in the English Language with a word like “love” that can mean so many different things.
Protein Synthesis Essay Research Paper Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis Essay, Research Paper Protein Synthesis Protein synthesis is the process by which genetic information from the DNA stored in the nucleus is transferred to the ribosomes where it is used to arrange amino acids into proteins.
Mr Essay Research Paper An investigation into
Mr Essay, Research Paper An investigation into Hotel Users expectations of The Best Hotel Chain 1. Aims and Objectives 1. To examine what the expectations of hotel users are of The Best Hotel Chain.
An AllImportant Introduction Essay Research Paper In
An All-Important Introduction Essay, Research Paper In the first three paragraphs of ?Bartleby the Scrivener,? Melville introduces a character who will be played upon and defined throughout his text. This introduction is crucial to the story and the fact that the lawyer introduces himself greatly increases its effectiveness.
Hot Dog Essay Research Paper The Night
Hot Dog Essay, Research Paper The Night I Became a Convict (Well it sure seemed like it) Introduction: Police Sirens glaring ? lights flashing ? nervous and full of fright
Reaction Essay Research Paper REACTION PAPERThe first
Reaction Essay, Research Paper REACTION PAPER The first section of the packet explained the meaning of personality and how decisions and actions are based on your personalities. It also goes on about how various religions contribute to the forming of a positive personality. At the end of the section, it brings up God s involvement in the construction personality, which appears frequently throughout the packet.