And The Early Scientists Essay, Research Paper
Who Won the War Between the Theologians and the Early Scientists
The early modern European scientists faced lethal religious opposition. During
the debate between the religious authorities and the scientists, the religious faction was
immature and barbarous. Over three hundred years later, the scientists have easily won the
intellectual debate.
The first tangle between the scientists and the church authorities happened when
after the death of the Polish monk, Copernicus. He lived from 1472 until 1543, but the
major confrontation did not occur until after his death. Fearing that his heliocentric theory
of the solar system would bring about his early demise, Copernicus did not allow his views
to be publicized until he was on the brink of death. After the Catholic authorities found
out that Copernicus had evaded their chastisement while he was alive, they were so
outraged that they exhumed his body and put it on trial. Unbelievably, they actually
convicted and burned the corpse of Copernicus for heresy. The Calvinists were also angry
at Copernicus for evading their punishment. They went so far as to build a effigy of
Copernicus so they could put him on trial. The Calvinists also declared Copernicus
guilty, and as punishment, burned his likeness.
Johann Kepler was also persecuted due to his scientific beliefs. A German
mathematician who lived from 1571 to 1630, Kepler raised the debate over the Neolithic
theory and developed the Three Laws of Planetary Motion, which state that: the orbits of
the planets are elliptical; the further from the sun the planets are, the longer the revolution
around the sun takes; and the distance of the planets from the sun are all equally
proportional. He was chased out of Catholic Germany and fled to Lutheran Germany. The
Lutherans granted him immunity before he returned to Catholic Germany. When the
Catholic authorities found that they could not put him on trial, they decided to go after his
mother. The authorities put her on trial for heresy. Kepler defended her, and he ended up
winning the case.
Bruno (1548-1600) was like Copernicus in that he developed new theories about
the universe. Bruno theorized that the earth wasn t the center of the universe; he stated
that there were many other galaxies and planets. Bruno was given the chance to recant his
findings, but he refused. Upon this refusal, he was tried, convicted, and put to death.
Galileo was also a major player in helping develop the scientific world. An Italian
astronomer born in 1564, Galileo developed the theory of uniformly accelerated motion,
which states that no matter what the weight of an object, it always falls at the same rate.
He helped perfect the telescope and was the first to see Jupiter s moons. In 1633, Galileo
was brought to trial in front of the inquisition. He was given the choice to recant and live
or hold to his views and be put to death. Galileo, wanting to live to be an old man, decided
to recant. As part of his punishment, Galileo was ordered to remain under house arrest
until his death in 1564.
Wilhelm Liebniz (1646-1716), a German statesman, mathematician, and
philosopher is regarded as one of the greatest minds of the seventeenth century. In 1675,
he published the fundamental principles of calculus. This discovery was arrived at
independently of the discoveries of the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton, whose system
of calculus was invented in 1666. Leibniz’s system was published in 1684, Newton’s in
1687, and the method of notation devised by Leibniz was universally adopted . In 1672 he
also invented a calculating machine capable of multiplying, dividing, and extracting square
roots, and he is considered a pioneer in the development of mathematical logic.
Sir Issac Newton, an English scientist and physicist who lived from 1642 to
1723, is considered one of the greatest scientists in history. His discoveries and theories
laid the foundation for much of the progress in science since his time. Newton was one
of the inventors of the branch of mathematics called calculus (the other was German
mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz). He also solved the mysteries of light and
optics, formulated the three laws of motion, and derived from them the law of universal
gravitation.
Despite it being a time of oppression, there were many advances in the
field of biology. Vasalius was one of these early pioneers. A Belgian anatomist
and physician who lived from 1514 to 1564, his dissections of the human body
and the description of his findings helped to correct misconceptions which were
accepted since ancient times, and he also helped to lay the foundations of the
modern science of anatomy. He was the first to discover how the blood vessels
worked. He published the first complete anatomy book. It was the most
comprehensive book on human anatomy to date, due to the fact that he did his
work on human cadavers, a practice which could have been severely punished if
it had ever been discovered.
William Harvey, the English anatomist who lived from 1578 to 1687,
made a major contribution to the world of anatomy. He was the first to discover
how the blood circulates throughout the body. He also proved that the heart
was the basis of blood circulation.
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was a Dutch scientist, who made
pioneering discoveries concerning protozoa, red blood cells, capillary systems,
and the life cycles of insects. He was able to make these discoveries due to the
fact that he built and perfected microscopes. He was the first to see protozoa,
cells, and capillary systems under a microscope.
Eventually, the church authorities- both Protestant and Catholic- had to
concede the field of science to the opposition. This was due to the fact religious
concepts were outdated by obvious, scientific thinking that was increasingly
clear and useful.
Другие работы по теме:
The Controversy Of Cloning Essay Research Paper
The Controversy of Cloning In their book On Moral Grounds: The Art/Science of Ethics, Daniel C. Maguire and A. Nicholas Fargnoli consider the many issues that modern science presents – many of which wouldhave been science fiction only 10 years ago. One of the most debatable new issues is cloning. It is now possible to produce an exact replica of a human being.
Engel Vs Vitale Essay Research Paper In
Engel Vs. Vitale Essay, Research Paper In 1962 the case of Engel vs. Vitale came about. At first the government stated that a non-God believing person or a person of a different culture could be except from saying the prayer. The morning prayer was done after the pledging of the flag. The prayer was such; ” Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependency upon thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, nd our country”.
Image Of God Essay Research Paper Then
Image Of God Essay, Research Paper Then God said, “”Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over the cattle and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.
Definition Of Good And Evil Essay Research
Paper Throughout human existence, questions have arisen concerning the nature of good and evil. Many scientist, philosophers, and theologians have been intrigued by these questions. Through Augustine’s Confessions and E. O. Wilson’s In Search of Nature, one is accessible to two distinct perspectives concerning the nature of good and evil.
My Ass Essay Research Paper v A
My Ass Essay, Research Paper v A Florentine philosopher, physicist, and inventor. This is a lot of work to do in one life time. Galileo Galilei did all that and even more. He is most commonly remembered for his condemnation by the Holy Office as a result of his attempting to prove the Copernican theory of the universe.
Existence Of God Essay Research Paper Chris
Existence Of God Essay, Research Paper Chris Karcz114-68-4634 Existence of God or the Lack There of Philosophers and theologians have always searched a way to prove the existence or non-existence of God. Many of these philosophers have made valid points for their views on the subject. Philosophers such as Saint Thomas Aquinas, Decartes, and John Locke argued for the existence of God while others, such as Rowe and Hume, searched for ways to disprove the arguments that these philosophers stated.
Christian Doctrine Concerning Humankind And Sin Essay
, Research Paper email: byrdd@mail.lakecity.cc.fl.usChristian Doctrine Concerning Humankind and SinThe Christian Doctrine of Mankind is Created, Free-willed, Image of God (Dr. Friend, 9/20/97). In this paper I will discuss the creation versus evolution aspect of the created portion of that doctrine.
How Does One Know Something Essay Research
Paper There are many different philosophies towards life. All these philosophies are based on the opposition of mythos and logos. The factor that changes most philosophies is the correct definition of the two terms.
Do Miracles Still Happen Essay Research Paper
When bringing the existence of miracles into question it is necessary to firstly establish a definition of a miracle and exactly what purpose they serve. As with many issues, theologians are divided on an actual definition of what a miracle really is. Paul Tillich (1886-1965) claimed that:
Gutierrez Essay Research Paper Gustavo Gutierrez is
Gutierrez Essay, Research Paper Gustavo Gutierrez is one of the fathers of what has been termed Liberation Theology. He is a native of Peru and is most well known for his book, A Theology of Liberation. Similar in nature to Bonhoeffer, he believes that theology must start with the sufferings of the oppressed.
MALE FEMINISM Essay Research Paper I chose
MALE FEMINISM Essay, Research Paper I chose to do my research report on Male Responses to Feminism. In which I read this book called ?Who Needs Feminism?? by Richard Holloway. Richard Holloway, distinguished churchmen, and male theologians in this book discusses the key aspects of feminism and how it affects the way they live, understand the world and the Christian faith today.
Faith And Reason Essay Research Paper Faith
Faith And Reason Essay, Research Paper Faith and Reason Faith and reason can be viewed as opposites. Faith is an element of belief, something an individual does not necessarily require a reason for accepting without reason. For example, an individual?s reason for believing in God may not seem too rational when they are trying to explain them.
Evil Problem Essay Research Paper If it
Evil Problem Essay, Research Paper ?If it turns out that there is a God, I don’t think that he’s evil?the worst that you can say about him is that basically he’s an underachiever.? -Woody
St Thomas Aquinas Essay Research Paper What
St. Thomas Aquinas Essay, Research Paper What is the Best Way to Prove God? A Comparison of St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas is one of the greatest theologians that has ever been. He recognized that there
Cloning 7 Essay Research Paper CloningThe announcement
Cloning 7 Essay, Research Paper Cloning The announcement one year ago that Scottish scientists had successfully cloned an adult sheep raised eyebrows all over the world. While scientists generally responded with great enthusiasm, ordinary people as well as theologians and ethicists immediately and prematurely responded with outrage.
Theology In The Middle Ages Essay Research
Paper Who were some of the outstanding theologians of the High Middle Ages and what were their ideas? Why was theology so important in the Middle Ages? For about the first 1000 years after the death of Christ, paganism, propoganda and superstition were popular beliefs. The thoughts of two theologians of the time period, Peter Abelard and Thomas Aquinas, would change this belief system forever.
Judiasm Essay Research Paper Some of the
Judiasm Essay, Research Paper Some of the greatest persons ever to live were Jews. Several of the greatest scientists, writers, human rights activists, musicians and comedians were or are Jews: Baruch Spinoza, Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, Charlie Chaplin, Yehudi Menuhin, Woody Allen come to mind.
Religion Essay Research Paper Religion
Religion Essay, Research Paper Religion “Religion” is a simple word that divides humanity in several groups. It is the claim of many influential Christian and Jewish theologians that the only genuine
Council Of Trent Counter Reformation Essay Research
Paper It was Martin Luther who, in 1520, brought the discussion of need for a General Church Council back into debate. He, like many others, believed that it should be such a council, and not the Pope, that made all major and final decisions on issues concerning the Papacy. Previously, Popes had gone out of their way to make sure that these councils did not take place.
Free Will Defense And The Problem Of
Evil Essay, Research Paper The Free Will Defense and The Problem of Evil After the World War II and the Holocaust, many Jewish and Christian people were left wondering why God would let such a thing happen. Many felt estranged, as if God had somehow abandoned them in their most desperate time of need. The world needed an explanation as to why God would let such a thing happen to his so-called ?children?.
Jonathan Edwards And The Puritan Mind Essay
, Research Paper If one were to study the idea of Puritan thought through only the reading of these three works of Jonathan Edwards, one could probably gather a good idea of the inner workings of the Puritan mind. These three works do well to disclose to the reader the inner and outer workings of Jonathan Edwards.
Greek Orthodox Church Essay Research Paper The
Greek Orthodox Church Essay, Research Paper The Greek Orthodox Church The Greek Orthodox Church is one of the three major branches of Christianity, which “stands in today’s society as one of the communities created
Abortion Essay Research Paper Page 1 of
Abortion Essay, Research Paper Page 1 of 7 Many have argued over the legality of abortion. Pro-life activists believe that every child conceived should be born. They also believe
Calvinism Essay Research Paper Since John Calvin
Calvinism Essay, Research Paper Since John Calvin first introduced the belief of election, it has caused debate among theologians in many Protestant churches. John Calvin?s beliefs consisted of five general themes.
Myths Essay Research Paper MythsThe various complexes
Myths Essay, Research Paper Myths The various complexes of stories about the gods are called myths. What people first think of when they hear the word “myth” is “false story”, for they no longer believe in most of them. But there is another side, one that should not be overlooked: myths arise from the human belief that reality is intelligible.
If I Can
’t See God, How Do I Know God Exists Essay, Research Paper The mystery of God’s existence has been a crucial element of many religious studies and traditions. Who is God? What is God? Where is God? To effectively discuss the existence of God, it is necessary to illustrate the notion of faith. People of faith believe that God does exist, and that relationship with God gives meaning to their lives.
JESUS AND CHRISTOLOGY Essay Research Paper Theologians
JESUS AND CHRISTOLOGY Essay, Research Paper Theologians and philosophers have been trying to question who Jesus is for hundreds of year now. This time in the form of what is called the contemporary study of Christology. The thrust of Christology is somewhat dependent upon which theologian one reads. Hans Kung calls his approach Christology from below.
Galileo Science And The Church Essay Research
Paper Wanting people to know that there was a double fault in the conflict between Galileo and the Church Father Langford writes an account of the facts in Galileo, Science and the Church.
Galileo And Church Essay Research Paper Galileo
Galileo And Church Essay, Research Paper Galileo, Science and the Church, by Jerome J. Langford, are about the trials and tribulations of Galileo with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1600?s. The
Nazi Germany
– Barth Essay, Research Paper In the nineteen-thirties, Nazi Germany tried to shape their churches into a propaganda machine by paying homage to Hitler in Christian literature. They also did not allow anyone of Jewish decent to serve as a Christian minister. German theologians agreed to cooperate with the Nazis as just another step in the churches need to adapt itself to modern culture.
Did God Create Evil Or Did Man
? Essay, Research Paper DID GOD CREATE EVIL OR DID MAN? Ever since the beginning of time our reality has been based on the conflict between good and evil. From the story of Adam and Eve to modern day and everything done by the human race has been a battle between these two. Many theologians and scholars have tried to argue the creation of evil.
St Peter Canisius Essay Research Paper St
St. Peter Canisius Essay, Research Paper St. Peter Canisius Peter Canisius was born in Nijmegen, Holland to a wealthy family in 1521. His father was Jakob Kanijis, an instructor of the
Killing For Sport Essay Research Paper ENGLISH
Killing For Sport Essay, Research Paper ENGLISH I . 1613 PAPER 7 KILLING FOR SPORT “Killing for Sport” by Joseph Wood Krutch is an opinionated work on the subject of hunting for sport. He uses rational appeals to press the point of the sportsman as having less to gain out of the killing than the liar, the thief, or the murderer.
Should Human Cloning Be Allowed Essay Research
Paper Should cloning for human benefits or even human cloning itself be allowed in society today? We all know of the famous lamb, Dolly, who was the first lamb to be cloned from an adult cell. The formation of Dolly raised many people s fears for the future of human cloning. Before proceeding to deal with the question of human cloning, a more basic concern needs to be addressed.