In the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favour of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch genre painters, the Spanish painters Josй de Ribera, Diego Velбzquez, and Francisco de Zurbarбn, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the 18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may also be called realistic.
(1833). Conception de l'art, de la littйrature, selon laquelle l'artiste ne doit pas chercher а idйaliser, а modifier le rйel ou а en donner une image volontairement incomplиte. --- REM. Le mot peut кtre soit pйj. (reproduction morne et plate du rйel, faite sans choix), soit laudatif (fidйlitй а la richesse du monde extйrieur, opposйe aux conventions et au formalisme; dйvoilement du rйel).
(En littйrature). Le rйalisme d'un rйcit, d'une description, d'un personnage. Rйalisme psychologique, social. Rйalisme et vйritй, rйalisme et vraisemblance. Le rйalisme de Flaubert. --- Spйcialt. (Hist. littйr.). Йcole littйraire franзaise (Champfleury, Duranty, les Goncourt...) qui, vers 1850, prйconisa (surtout dans le roman) la description minutieuse et objective de faits et de personnages tirйs du rйel, la mise en oeuvre d'une rйalitй banale et quotidienne.--- (En parlant d'autres йcoles et tendances). Le rйalisme naturaliste. cf Naturalisme. Le rйalisme italien (cf Vйrisme), anglais, russe, du XIXe siиcle. Rйalisme critique, populiste.
Cette opposition entre le dogme mкme du rйalisme --- l'attention au banal --- et la volontй d'exister en tant qu'exception et personnalitй prйcieuse eut pour effet d'exciter les rйalistes au soin et aux recherches du style. Ils crйиrent le style artiste. Ils employиrent а dйcrire les objets les plus ordinaires, parfois les plus vils, des raffinements, des йgards, un travail, une vertu assez admirables; mais sans s'apercevoir qu'ils entreprenaient par lа hors de leur principe, et qu'ils inventaient un autre «vrai», une vйritй de leur fabrication, toute fantastique.
-- Valйry, Variйtй, OE., Pl., t. I.
Le vrai rйalisme consiste а montrer les choses surprenantes que l'habitude cache sous une housse et nous empкche de voir.
-- Cocteau, Essai de critique indirecte.
Au sens oщ tout rйalisme pictural naоt contre une idйalisation, le rйalisme littйraire, le naturalisme plus encore, йtaient nйs contre le personnage thйвtral. Pas seulement romantique ou classique; au coeur de l'homme, l'appel de tout rйalisme йtait destructeur de celui du thйвtre, aboutissait au roman. D'oщ le constant йchec de ces rйalismes au thйвtre, а commencer par celui de Balzac et continuer par celui de Flaubert; alors que celui de Tchekhov, dйpendance de la poйsie, y rйussit а merveille. Le thйвtre contraignait а son rйel le rйalisme, qui vivait de son propre imaginaire.
-- Malraux, l'Homme prйcaire et la Littйrature.
(En arts). Recherche d'une ressemblance entre l'oeuvre plastique et l'apparence du modиle qu'elle entend reprйsenter; cette ressemblance (cf Hyperrйalisme). Rйalisme des contours, des couleurs, de la reprйsentation spatiale (perspective). Le rйalisme opposй а l'idйalisation, au formalisme, а l'abstraction (...) а l'expressionnisme. --- Spйcialt. Йcole de peinture qui, en France, s'est opposйe au romantisme et a prйcйdй l'impressionnisme. Le rйalisme de Courbet. --- Le rйalisme au cinйma. Le rйalisme dans le cinйma franзais (rйalisme poйtique des annйes trente), dans le cinйma italien (Nйorйalisme)...
[...] les traits bien connus du ministre de Louis XIII, mais avec une intensitй de vie, une affirmation de vйritй, et, comme on dirait aujourd'hui, un rйalisme bien rare dans les portraits de grands personnages, dont on reproduit plutфt le type officiel que l'expression intime.
-- Th. Gautier, Souvenirs de thйвtre, Collection d'Espagnac.
Il semble que tout art commence par la lutte contre le chaos, par l'abstrait ou le divin, jamais par la reprйsentation de l'individuel; or tout rйalisme consйquent se fonde sur l'individuel, et sa relation avec l'art qui le prйcиde n'est pas йquivoque : en tant qu'art, tout rйalisme est une rectification.
-- Malraux, les Voix du silence, p. 299.
(1933). Rйalisme socialiste : doctrine artistique faisant de l'art un instrument d'йducation et de propagande, fondй sur des normes de reprйsentation «fidиle» de la rйalitй et (notamment en peinture) sur des techniques acadйmiques. «En vйritй, nous ne connaissons pas d'exemple historique de rйussite artistique --- je veux dire de chefd'oeuvre --- nйe du seul impйratif politique. Le rйalisme socialiste soviйtique est le dernier exemple de l'йchec patent de la formule» (Arts, juil. 1981).
(1960, P. Restany). Nouveau rйalisme : mouvement artistique, influencй par les positions dadaпstes, qui prйconise la manifestation de la rйalitй moderne par des moyens transposйs --- assemblages d'objets (Pop art); art cinйtique --- et sans revenir а la reprйsentation figurative.
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