Aliona Kolesnik
Form 11-C
James Joyce
(1882-1941)
Joyce, James Augustine Aloysius (1882-1941), Irish
novelist and poet, whose psychological perceptions and innovative literary
techniques, as demonstrated in his epic novel Ulysses, make him one of the most
influential writers of the 20th century. Joyce was born in Dublin on February 2,
1882, the son of a poverty-stricken civil servant. He was educated at Jesuit schools,
including University College, Dublin. Raised in the Roman Catholic faith, he
broke with the church while he was in college. In 1904 he left Dublin with Nora
Barnacle, a chambermaid whom he eventually married. They and their two children
lived in Trieste, Italy, in Paris, and in Zurich,
Switzerland, meagerly supported by Joyce's jobs as a language instructor and by
gifts from patrons. In 1907 Joyce suffered an attack of iritis, the first of
the severe eye troubles that led to near blindness. After 20 years in Paris,
early in World War II, when the Germans invaded France, Joyce moved to Zurich,
where he died on January 13, 1941.
James Joyce
was the first who introduce the psychological discoveries of S. Freud into
fiction. He did not write very much, but what he wrote was revolutionary. After
his first books, “The Dubliners” – brilliant short stories of simple citizens
of Dublin – and “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” – an auto
biographical report of his own youth – he developed the rest of his own life
only to two books. The first, “Ulysses” , takes us through the idle wanderings
of a Dublin Jew, Leopold Bloom, from the beginning to the end of one single day.
The fusion of facts and feelings, of external events and internal reflections
is so disconcerting that you are often puzzled, sometimes bored and sometimes
left like an idiot. But reading on, you are so inevitably forced into the dark
and mysterious atmosphere of the hero’s life and thoughts that you cannot evade
the singular “streams of consciousness” which to bring forth is the author’s
single aim. Even move complicated and difficult to read is his second book:
“Finnegan’s Wake”, which adds to the day-light of consciousness the confusing
night-dreams of the subconscious, a single stream of incomprehensible mysteries
and visions, floating like broken fragments of the mind in the vast ocean of
the human soul”. – In order to get a first impression of Joyce’s psychological
attempts it is better to begin with his early autobiographical work, in which
the often quoted “Stream of Consciousness” can already be observed.
Early Works
As an undergraduate Joyce published essays on
literature. His first book, Chamber Music (1907), consists of 36 highly
finished love poems, which reflect the influence of the Elizabethan lyricists
and the English lyric poets of the 1890s. In his second work, Dubliners (1914),
a collection of 15 short stories, Joyce dealt with crucial episodes of
childhood and adolescence and of family and public life in Dublin. His first
long work of fiction, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916), is
largely autobiographical, re-creating his youth and home life in the story of
its protagonist, Stephen Dedalus. In this work Joyce made considerable use of
the stream-of-consciousness, or interior-monologue, technique, a literary
device that renders all the thoughts, feelings, and sensations of a character
with scrupulous psychological realism. Another early work was the play Exiles
(1918).
Later Works
Joyce attained international fame with the publication
(1922) of Ulysses, a novel, the themes of which are based on Homer's Odyssey.
Primarily concerned with a 24-hour period in the life of an Irish Jew, Leopold
Bloom, Ulysses describes also the same day in the life of Stephen Dedalus, and
the story reaches its climax in the meeting of the two characters. The main
themes are Bloom's symbolic search for a son and Dedalus's growing sense of
dedication as a writer. Joyce further developed the stream-of-consciousness
technique in this work as a remarkable means of character portrayal, combining
it with the use of mimicry of speech and the parody of literary styles as an
overall literary method. Finnegans Wake (1939), Joyce's last and most complex
work, is an attempt to embody in fiction a cyclical theory of history. The
novel is written in the form of an interrupted series of dreams during one night
in the life of the character Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker. Symbolizing all
humanity, Earwicker, his family, and his acquaintances blend, as characters do
in dreams, with one another and with various historical and mythical figures.
Joyce carried his linguistic experimentation to its furthest point in Finnegans
Wake by writing English as a composite language based on combinations of parts
of words from various languages. His other late publications include two
collections of verse, Pomes Penyeach (1927) and Collected Poems (1936), and
Stephen Hero, which, although not published until 1944, was an early version of
A Portrait. Joyce employed symbols to create what he called an “epiphany,” the
revelation of certain inner qualities. Thus, the earlier writings reveal
individual moods and characters and the plight of Ireland and the Irish artist
in the early 1900s. The two later works reveal his characters in all their
complexity as artists and lovers and in the various aspects of their family
relationships. Using experimental techniques to convey the essential nature of
realistic situations, Joyce merged in his greatest works the literary
traditions of realism, naturalism, and symbolism.
P
o e m s
All day I hear the
noise of waters
Making moan,
Sad as the sea-bird
is, when going
Forth alone,
He hears the winds
call to the waters,
Monotone.
The grey winds the
cold winds are blowing
Where I go.
I hear the noise
o»many waters
Far below.
All day, all night I
hear them flowing
To and fro.
Весь день я слушал
звуки вод.
Их нежный стон,
Как альбатроса
грустный зов.
Заворожен,
Парил, как ветер я меж
вод
И берегов.
Как хладный ветер,
бурый ветер
Над землей
Парил, туманами одет,
Окутан мглой.
Весь день, всю ночь
шумели воды
Подо мной.
I hear an army
charging upon the land,
And the thunder of
horses plunging, foam about their knees:
Arrogant, in black
armor, behind them stand,
Disdaining the reins,
with fluttering whips, the charioteers.
They cry unto the
night their battle-name:
I moan in sleep when I
hear afar their whirling laughter.
They cleave the gloom
of dreams, a blinding flame,
Clanging, clanging
upon the heart as upon an anvil.
They come shaking in
triumph their long, green hair:
They come out of the
sea, run shouting by the shore.
My heart, have you no
wisdom thus to despair?
My love, my love, my
love, why have you left me alone?
Я слышу как движется
войско лавиной огней,
И кони копытами бьют в
ожидании сечи:
Надменные, в толстых
кольчугах и ратной броне,
Поводья отбросив,
кнутами играют возничие.
Клички коней боевые
слетают с их губ:
Слыша безрадостный
смех, я рыдаю во сне.
И видений обрывки
неистовым пламенем жгут,
И по сердцу колотят,
как по наковальне.
Предвкушая триумф,
надвигается грозная рать,
С криком витязи мчатся
вперед по морским берегам.
О глупое сердце, к
чему тебе так тосковать?
О любовь, ты опять
оставляешь меня одного!
Крутой маршрут Джеймса Джойса
Рукопись "Улисса" впервые
выставлена в Ирландии
КУЛЬТОВЫЕ тексты, как
известно, живут своей жизнью, независимо от воли создавшего их автора. А иногда
не только тексты, но и рукописи. Парадоксально сложилась судьба рукописи,
наверное, самого парадоксального произведения мировой литературы - джойсовского
"Улисса". Оригинал этого романа "одного дня и одного
города" (16 июня, Дублин) жители ирландской столицы получили возможность
увидеть впервые только сейчас, и то ненадолго. Выставка, посвященная Джойсу и
его роману, открылась в Дублине в преддверии "Блумова дня"
(названного так по имени одного из главных героев "Улисса") и
продлится до 1 октября. Затем рукопись вернется в США. Парадоксы, связанные с
рукописью "Улисса", начинаются уже при его создании. Ни строчки
текста романа, самым доскональным образом передающего топографию Дублина
("Если город исчезнет с лица земли, его можно будет восстановить по моей
книге", - сказал как-то Джойс), не было написано в Дублине. Джойс писал
"Улисса" в Триесте, Цюрихе и в Париже, а для точности разных деталей
дублинской жизни (дома, лавки и трактиры с их владельцами, общественные здания)
использовал справочник "Весь Дублин за 1904 год". В 1921 году автор,
который в ту пору сильно бедствовал, продал рукопись "Улисса" за 12
тысяч долларов нью-йоркскому юристу и меценату Джону Куинну, и с тех пор она не
покидала Америку. Несмотря на то, что после публикации первых эпизодов романа в
журнале "Литл Ривью" Нью-Йоркское общество по искоренению порока
заявило судебный протест и с тех пор вплоть до 1933 года роман был в США
запрещен, а на родине автора, в Ирландии, он был разрешен к публикации лишь в
1960-м. Впоследствии рукопись романа перекупил американский букинист и
коллекционер Абрахам Розенбах, и с 1924 года она находится в Библиотеке
Розенбаха в Филадельфии. "Нынешняя выставка в Дублине как бы знаменует
собой возвращение на родину романа, являющего собой квинтэссенцию
Ирландии", - говорит директор Библиотеки Розенбаха Дерик Дрегер. Хотя в
Ирландии и так об "Улиссе" не забывают - даже те, кто никогда не
читал роман. Каждый год 16 июня по улицам Дублина шествует многотысячная
пестрая толпа в костюмах начала века, повторяя извилистые маршруты Леопольда
Блума и Стивена Дедала. Остается добавить, что Джеймс Джойс - автор не одного
только "Улисса". Получена информация о том, что одно из
санкт-петербургских издательств готовит к изданию самую сложную, непереводимую
и не читабельную
книгу мировой литературы - "Поминки по Финнегану". Попытки перевести
этот архитрудный роман предпринимались неоднократно, существуют журнальные
публикации отрывков из "Финнегана", переведенных известным
авангардистом Анри Волохонским. И вот теперь, наконец, до русского читателя,
кажется, дойдет последняя книга Джойса, текст, в России вообще неизвестный. А
недавно вышел первый том нового проекта, задуманного автором первого полного
перевода "Улисса" на русский язык Сергеем Хоружим. В первый том вошел
переработанный вариант "Улисса", во второй планируется включить другие
романы и стихи Джойса, а также - впервые в России - достаточно полную подборку
писем, критических статей и эссе. В том числе и знаменитые эротические письма,
которые Джойс посылал своей жене Норе в период длительной разлуки.
"Большое количество текстов нам приходится переводить, а все остальное -
серьезно перерабатывать. Дело в том, что во всех текстах Джойса много
стилистических и смысловых отсылов к его главным произведениям, много
"подземных слоев", поэтому, чтобы правильно передать их смысл на другом
языке, нужно держать в голове весь творческий космос Джойса", -
рассказывает Сергей Хоружий. Существует грустная поговорка: если бы ирландцы не
пили так много, они завоевали бы мир. Похоже, за них это сделал Джеймс Джойс.
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