The Kyivan State proper was established by prince Olekh in 879. He conducted military expeditions to the shores of Caspian Sea and raided Byzantine cities.
He was followed, in 912, by prince Ehor, who not only continued external raids but also had to fight insubordinate tribes of Ulitchs and Derevlans. He died during a battle with Derevlans in 945.
His wife Olha revenged his death by brutal suppression of Derevlans. In 964 she became a Christian and established her son Svyatoslav on throne.
Svyatoslav was able and courageous prince; he fought Asian hordes in the East and conducted raids on Bulgaria. He divided his state between his sons, then continued with his expeditions and battles. When he died in 972 during battle with Pechenegs, his sons started to fight between themselves, often with help from their enemies.
In 980, prince Volodymyr defeated all his brothers and unified the country into one powerful state with Kyiv as capital. He adopted Christianity in 988 and started to convert population, who then worshiped Pagan gods, to Christian Religion. Force was often used against those who resisted. He produced silver and gold coins with his portrait on one side and trident on the reverse side ( such special form of trident is Coat of Arms of present day Ukraine). In History he is known as Volodymyr the Great or Saint Volodymyr. During his reign, pillaging Pecheneg hordes defeated Khazars, pushed out Hungarian hordes from southern steppes and became a menace to the state; Volodymyr started to fortify Kyiv against them. After his death in 1015 fighting and assassinations between his sons ensued, resulting in victory for prince Yaroslav in 1019.
Yaroslav the Great consolidated nearly whole of his father's territory, defeated Pechenegs and became one of the most powerful rulers in Europe. A church hierarchy was established, headed (at least since 1037) by the metropolitan of Kyiv, who was usually appointed by the patriarch of Constantinople. Yaroslav promoted family ties with other kingdoms, built many churches, improved Kyiv's fortifications, introduced laws and established courts.
However, same as his forefathers, he divided the country between his sons, who after his death in 1054 started to fight among themselves and divide their land between their sons. This resulted in small principalities who not only fought each other, but also had to defend themselves from marauding Turkish and Polovetsian hordes, who plundered the countryside.
In 1097 all princes agreed to stop fighting between themselves. In 1103 they united their forces under leadership of prince Monomakh (one of the grandsons of Yaroslav the Great) and defeated Polovetsian hordes. However constant warfare weakened country's economic strength and caused near collapse of cultural and political system of Ukraine.
After death of Monomakh in 1125 Ukraine remained fragmented into numerous principalities, having their own customs and rules, with only nominal allegiance to the Prince of Kyiv ( this position was occupied by sons of Monomakh on rotational basis). Gradually Kyiv lost it's power and influence; many principalities separated.
An outstanding chronicle of events was compiled in Old Church Slavonic language by Venerable Nestor in 1136.
In 1169 prince Andrey Bogolyubski conquered and destroyed Kyiv and established his capital in Vladimir near present site of Moscow, thus originating present Russian state.
The Ukrainian princes continued to struggle on against Polovtsi. One particular battle led by Prince Ehor in 1185 was enshrined in a poem "Slovo o Polku Ehorevim" (The Tale of Ehor's Regiment).
Western parts of Ukraine Halych (Galicia) and Volynj (Volhynia) free from Polovetsian raids, gradually emerged as leading principalities. Prince Roman ruled there in 1199. His sons succeeded in uniting both principalities into one rich and powerful state.
About year 1220, when a new horde of Mongols and Tatars invaded Ukraine, the princes have reached some sort of accommodation with Polovtsi and fought together to expel this new horde. They succeeded at first but, toward the end of year 1240, Tatars returned and besieged Kyiv. On 16th December 1240 they conquered, plundered and ruined the city. Afterward they moved westward, plundered Halych, Poland and Hungary then in 1245 they returned and occupied eastern Ukraine.
Meanwhile, Prince Danylo (son of Prince Roman) established himself in Halych and his brother Vasylko in Volynj. Together they managed to keep Tatars away from their principalities. Danylo founded city Lviv in 1250 as a defense site against Tatars. In 1253 he accepted the royal crown from the pope and effected a short-lived church union with Rome.
After Danylo died in 1264, his sons continued to rule in peaceful coexistence with Tatars. In 1303 they created a separate archbishopric office in Halych, responsible to Byzantine, because in 1299 Kyivan archbishopric seat was moved to Moscow.
The dominant prince was Danylo's son Lev; he died about year 1300. His son Yuriy again united Halych and Volynj principalities with Lviv as capital. He was a mighty and just ruler; the country was rich and peaceful under his rule.
After Yuriy, his two sons ruled till about 1320. They both died without leaving male successors. This created unstable situation and internal power struggle, which was exploited by neighboring countries Poland, Hungary and Lithuania in their efforts to occupy this part of Ukraine. Local boyars and People's Councils tried to resist by accepting princes from other dynasties and countries and by forming alliances with Lithuanians and even Tatars, but in 1349, Polish king Kazimyezh managed to occupy Halych and part of Volynj. About same time, Lithuanian princes intensified their takeover of eastern principalities of Ukraine; about year 1360 the Prince of Kyiv was overthrown.
Thus Ukraine was partitioned between Poland and Lithuania with Tatar Golden Horde remaining in some parts of southern steppes and the Crimea.
Другие работы по теме:
Romantic Period Essay Research Paper THE ROMANTIC
Romantic Period Essay, Research Paper THE ROMANTIC PERIOD The Romantic Period was a time when eighteenth century thinking changed from the world being viewed from the mind, to being viewed through the heart. This period was given its name by historians if the late 1800 s because all the attitudes and tendencies of eighteenth century classicism and rationalism were changed drastically.
The Classical Period Essay Research Paper Classical
The Classical Period Essay, Research Paper Classical Period Getting it’s name from art history, the classic period in music extends from 1740 to 1810 and includes the music of Haydn, Mozart, the first period of Beethoven, and Bach’s sons. The classical period of music coordinated harmony, melody, rhythm, and orchestration more effectively then earlier periods of music.
The Cambrian Period Essay Research Paper The
The Cambrian Period Essay, Research Paper The Cambrian Period Science 10/26/95 During the Cambrian Period a lot of things happened both geologically and biologically. The Cambrian Period was the first period of the Paleozoic
Golden Age Of Athens Essay Research Paper
Introduction EssayThe era of classic Greece from 460 to 429 b.c.e. was known as the Golden Age because during those years Athens made great achievements to the world. The 5th century BCE was a period of great development in Athens. The development of so many cultural achievements within Athens has led scholars to deem this period a “Golden Age.”The 5th century and the Athenian Empire gave birth to an amazing amount of accomplishments.
James A Michner
’s Texas Essay, Research Paper James A. Michner s: TEXAS A Comparative Review In this magnificent historical novel, James A. Michner skillfully combines fact and fiction to present one of our most expansive and diversified states. Spanning nearly four and a half centuries, Michner begins with the first Spaniards to explore parts of present day Texas, Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado and continues on to the emergence of Texas as one of our most powerful states.
Mycenaean Architecture Essay Research Paper Knossos is
Mycenaean Architecture Essay, Research Paper Knossos is the site of the most important and better known palace of Minoan civilization. According to tradition, it was the seat of the legendary king Minos. The Palace is also connected with thrilling legends, such as the myth of the Labyrinth with the Minotaur, and the story of Daidalos and Icaros.
The SoCalled Golden Age Of Women Essay
, Research Paper The occurrence of events during a specific period of time always introduces different mentalities and ideas to everybody in the world. Such is the case with
Economics Of Hawaii Essay Research Paper Hawaii
Economics Of Hawaii Essay, Research Paper Hawaii has an area of 28,313 sq. kilometers(10,932sq miles) and is the 43rd largest state in the United States. 6.9% of the land is owned by the federal government. The
AngloSaxon Literature Essay Research Paper Contrary to
Anglo-Saxon Literature Essay, Research Paper Contrary to what this ignorant student once said, Anglo-Saxon literature is very important, and many people care about it. Anglo-Saxon literature has lots to offer, and is very valuable to the modern reader. Only a very jaded person suffering from great lassitude wouldn t see that.
30 Year War Essay Research Paper Why
30 Year War Essay, Research Paper Why Would France, a Catholic power, help Protestants in the Thirty Years War? The Thirty Years War was a time of great religious conflict. The Calvinists opposed the Lutherans and the Catholics opposed the Protestants. Each side had no tolerance for the other and felt a deep hatred for them.
Reconstruction Era Essay Research Paper Reconstruction EraThe
Reconstruction Era Essay, Research Paper Reconstruction Era The Reconstruction period can be defined as the time after the Civil War when states were debating on what to do with a partially seceded nation. The Union, known as the North, wanted to come to agreements with the Confederacy, or the south, on how to successfully bring the states together again as one nation.
Jane Eyre Essay Research Paper Caretakers had
Jane Eyre Essay, Research Paper Caretakers had an important role in the renaissance and the Victorian period. Mainly women were accepted to be a caretaker while their class was usually a low one. Their duty changed from period to period, their class was not bound to be low, but still, it was lower than the person who hired them.
Family And Society Essay Research Paper Reaction
Family And Society Essay, Research Paper Reaction Paper on Family and Society Article: Whitehead, Barbara D. “The new family values.” In Sociology 95/96. Edited by Kurt Finsterbusch. Connecticut: Dushkin Publishing, 1995, 74-77.
Music Essay Research Paper 3
Music Essay, Research Paper 3. J.S. Bach was an organist and choirmaster for Lutheran churches. Bach devoted his life to composing music for the church services. He wrote magnificent music for the organ, for choral groups, for clavier and harpsichord, for orchestra, and for small groups of instruments.
Turner Thesis Essay Research Paper Fredrick Jackson
Turner Thesis Essay, Research Paper Fredrick Jackson Turner developed the thesis that the American West created and reinforced the American ideals of: equality, democracy, opportunity, and individualism. I disagree with Turner?s thesis and feel that the American West created just the opposite. It created a period of inopportunity and inequality especially between the rich and the poor classes of the time period.
Johann Sebastian Bach Essay Research Paper Chris
Johann Sebastian Bach Essay, Research Paper Chris Kouffman February 11, 1997 Period 7 Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach was a musical composer of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. He was one of the greatest composers of all time. He was born in Eisenach, Thuringia, in 1685. He spent his life in music and was known for his ability in that subject.
Some Reminders About The Periodic Table Essay
, Research Paper Thanks to Doc Brown of ChemHelp.Net for these great chemistry revision notes. Check out his site for more! The elements are laid out in order of Atomic Number Hydrogen, 1, H, does not readily fit into any group
The Missouri Compromise Essay Research Paper The
The Missouri Compromise Essay, Research Paper The Missouri Compromise By 1819, a heated controversy over whether or not Missouri was to be admitted to the Union as a slave state or as a free state was underway. Before Missouri’s admission to the Union, there was an equal balance of free state and slave state senators in the United Sates Senate.
Renaissance Rebirth Short Break Or Transition Essay
, Research Paper The Renaissance is a period of transition, beginning the modern age in Europe. During this period, great changes in the economy, society, politics and culture would take shape, ultimately leading up to the modern age.
Colonial Times Essay Research Paper The colonial
Colonial Times Essay, Research Paper The colonial period was A time of much change, as is the modern period. Many people viewed things differently in the colonial period than they do today. The people of the colonial period had much more traditional values than the people of today.The people of the colonial period thought of religion much more sternly than I do.
Physics Time Period Of A Pendulum Essay
, Research Paper PLAN: String Ruler BA Weight Stand Desk Timer The time period for a pendulum is the time taken for the pendulum to swing from one point to another (i.e. from A to B and back again)
Changes From The Paleolithic To The Neolithic
Age Essay, Research Paper There were changes that occurred from the Paleolithic Period to the Neolithic. Small changes were made in this time, from the culture, to bigger changes like economics, and agriculture. How did man deal with these changes and what kind of impact did it have on society?
Puerto Rico State Or Not Essay Research
Paper Careful analysis, serious discussion, and maybe even a national consensus should precede a decision as momentous as the admission of a new state into the Union. Although Puerto Rico has been a commonwealth of the United States since the Spanish -American War, they only recently became United States citizens after a law passed in 1917.
The Status Of Puerto Rico Essay Research
Paper What Should the Status of Puerto Rico Be? Puerto Rico is located in the Caribbean Sea. Puerto Rico has been a Commonwealth under the United States since July 25, 1952 when Governor
Romantic Vs Classical Essay Research Paper In
Romantic Vs Classical Essay, Research Paper In the 18th century, there was a period that we called Neo classicism. In this period most of all paintings had the same characteristic which are dark and simple background colors, very masculine, stressed heroism, frieze, sharp edges, more geometric and flat.
Nationalism Essay Research Paper The term
Nationalism Essay, Research Paper The term nationalism is difficult to define, and any universal definition would be incomplete and oversimplified. Certainly history, culture, language, race and religion are important in the building of nation-states but they are not necessarily essential or universally applicable; the unifying factors for a Swiss in Switzerland, and for a German in Germany, are quite different.
The Childhood Essay Research Paper It has
The Childhood Essay, Research Paper It has been noted that people consider their childhood as a nostalgic period. The childhood is one of the three main stages of life: childhood, adolescence, and adult age. Childhood might be the nostalgic period but is it the happiest? In this paper we shall demonstrate that childhood could be considered as the happiest period.
The Consumer Price Index Essay Research Paper
Sept. 28, 199 Inaccuracies of the Consumer Price Index(CPI) The Consumer Price Index is a measure of the prices of a fixed market basket of some 300 consumer goods and services purchased by a “typical” urban consumer. The 1982-1984 period serves as the base period so analysts can compare other year?s changes with this base period.
The Black Cat Essay Research Paper
“The Black Cat” Essay The Romantic period has numerous characteristics that help to distinguish it from other literary periods. A large majority of the pieces found in this period have at least one of the distinctive elements. Edgar Allan Poe uses a few of these elements to put a time frame on his short story, “The Black Cat”.
Music In The Ages Essay Research Paper
Early Baroque Period (1600 – 1680) The most important figure of the Early Baroque period was the Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi. He transformed music through his imaginative development of traditional forms. In particular, the dramatic styles of his madrigals (vocal compositions) anticipates the solo cantata and operatic recitative (a singing styles that resembles speech) of the Late Baroque period.
Lonliness In Of Mice And Men Essay
, Research Paper Lonliness in Of Mice and Men The novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinback deals with many themes that are reflective of the time period in which the novel was written. Loneliness is one of the many themes in this novel that are reflective of the time period in which the novel was written. It is shown in many of the characters in the novel.
Texas Annexation Essay Research Paper Narrative History
Texas Annexation Essay, Research Paper Narrative History of Texas Annexation, Secession, and Readmission to the Union Texans voted in favor of annexation to the United States in the first election following independence in 1836. However, throughout the Republic period (1836-1845) no treaty of annexation negotiated between the Republic and the United States was ratified by both nations.
Река Волга
ВОЛГА Раньше её называли Ра, то есть с греческого языка река. А в средние века стали называть Итиль. Это река находится в Европейской части Российской Федерации. Волга - крупнейшая река Европы. Её длина 3530 км, а площадь бассейна аж 1360 тыс. км