Weapons of mass destruction (WMD) generally include nuclear,
biological, chemical weapons. The term first arose in 1937 in reference to the mass destruction of Guernica, Spain, by aerial bombardment that was made by
the German Luftwaffe during the Spanish Civil War.
Nuclear weapons did not exist at that time, but biological weapons
were being researched by Japan and chemical weapons had seen wide use.
Following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagiasaki, and progressing through the
Cold War, the term came to refer more to non-conventional weapons: atomic,
biological and chemical weapons.
The phrase entered popular usage in relation to the U.S.-led
multinational forces 2003 invasion of Iraq and today the most widely used
definition is that of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons.
The development and use of WMD is governed by international
conventions and treaties, although not all countries have signed and ratified
them. There are 8 countries that are known to possess nuclear weapons and, of
course, other WMD, only 5 of which are members of the NPT (Nuclear Non-Prolif
eration Treaty). All states which possess WMD can be divided into four main
groups.
The first one is the group of states which are commonly accepted to
possess nuclear weapons: China: France; India; Israel; Pakistan; Russia; the United Kingdom; and the United States of America.
The second one is the group of states with access to nuclear weapons
through nuclear sharing agreements: Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Turkey.
The third is the group of states currently suspected of possessing
or developing nuclear weapon capabilities. They are Iran and North Korea.
And the last group of countries is states that formerly possessed
nuclear capabilities: South Africa, as well as Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine following the break-up of the former Soviet Union.
Weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons are rarely
used because their us^is essentially an «invitation» for a WMD retaliation,
which in turn could escalate into a war so destructive it could easily destroy
huge segments of the world's population. During the Cold War, this
understanding became known as mutually assured destruction and was largely the
reason war never broke out between the WMD-armed United States and Soviet Union.
But nowadays there is a great concern that the weapon of this kind
can be available for terrorist organizations, moreover can be used by these
organizations.
ОМП - Оружие массового поражения
Оружие
массового поражения (ОМП) обычно включает в себя ядерное, биологическое и
химическое оружие. Термин впервые появился в 1937 году в связи с масштабным
разрушением Герники, Испания, в ходе гражданской войны после ее бомбардировки
самолетами гитлеровских военно-воздушных сил.
В
то время ядерного оружия еще не существовало; биологическое оружие разрабатывалось
японцами, химическое же оружие получило очень широкое применение. После этого
последовали бомбардировка Хиросимы и Нагасаки, закончилась «холодная война и
термин стал обозначать больше не обычные виды вооружения, а ядерное оружие, биологическое
и химическое вооружения.
Фраза
вошла в популярный обиход вследствие многонационального, возглавляемого США, вторжения
в Ирак в 2003 году и на сегодняшний день является общепринятым термином для
ядерного, биологического и химического вооружения.
Развитие
и использование ОМП подчиняется международным соглашениям и конвенциям, хотя не
все страны подписали и ратифицировали их. Известно 8 стран, которые официально
подтвердили наличие ядерного оружия и, конечно же, другие типы ОМП, хотя только
пять из них являются членами Договора о нераспространении ядерных вооружений.
Все страны, имеющие ОМП можно разделить на четыре группы.
К
первой относятся страны, которые официально подтвердили наличие ядерное оружие
— это Китай, Франция. Индия, Израиль, Пакистан, Россия, Великобритания и США.
Ко
второй группе относятся страны, у которых есть доступ к ядерному оружию в
соответствие с соглашениям о его распределении — это Бельгия, Германия, Италия,
Нидерланды и Турция.
Третья
группа состоит из стран, которые подозреваются в том, что у них есть или они
разрабатывают ядерные мощности. Это Иран и Северная Корея.
И
последняя группа — это страны, которые ранее владели ядерным потенциалом: ЮАР, а
также Беларусь, Казахстан и Украина, получившие его после распада СССР.
Оружие
массового поражения, особенно ядерное оружие, очень редко используется, т. к.
его использование — это прямое приглашение к ответному использованию такого же
оружия, что, в свою очередь, может стать причиной эскалации и повлечь войну
такой разрушительной силы, что она уничтожит большую часть населения Земли. Во
время «холодной войны» именно понимание возможного обоюдного уничтожения и было
именно тем сдерживающим фактором, что позволило сохранить мир между
вооруженными данным оружием США и Советским Союзом.
В
наши дни существует большие опасения того, что это оружие может попасть в руки
террористических организаций, и более того, использовано этими организациями.
Questions:
1. What is weapon of mass destruction?
2. When did the term first arise?
3. When did the term « WMD » appear?
4. Did «WMD» come to refer more to non-conventional weapons?
5. When did the phrase «WMD» enter popular usage?
6. Have all countries in the World signed and ratified international
conventions and treaties regarding WMD?
7. What countries are known to possess nuclear weapons?
8. What countries are the members of the NPT?
9. What countries have access to the nuclear weapons?
10. What countries are supposed to possess nuclear capabilities?
Vocabulary:
destruction
— разрушение; уничтожение
to
include — заключать, включать в себя, содержать в себе
to
arise (прош. вр. — arose; прич. прош. ер. — arisen) — возникать, появляться;
происходить, проистекать, являться результатом
in reference to — в связи с
to
exist — существовать; иметься в природе, жить; быть, появляться, возникать
to
research — исследовать; заниматься исследованиями
wide
— обширный, большой; широкий
to
enter — входить, проникать
invasion
— вторжение, нашествие, агрессия; набег
definition
— определение, формулирование
to
govern — править, управлять; влиять; руководить, направлять
convention
— соглашение, договоренность, договор, конвенция
treaty
— договор, соглашение, конвенция
to
sign — подписывать(ся), ставить подпись
to
ratify - ~ ратифицировать; одобрять, санкционировать; утверждать; скреплять
(подписью, печатью)
to
possess — владеть, иметь, обладать, располагать (какими-л. материальными
объектами)
proliferation
— распространение (знаний и т. д.)
to
divide — отделять одно от другого; отделять(ся), разъединяться), нарушать целостность
to
accept — принимать, брать; соглашаться; допускать, признавать; принимать, мириться
access
— доступ
to
share — делить, распределять; разделять; разделять (smth. with smb. — с кем-л.
что-л.); использовать совместно
currently
теперь, в настоящее время; ныне
to
suspect — подозревать
capability
— способность, потенциал
break-up
— разделение, распадение, разрушение, распад, дезинтеграция; конец
essentially
— по существу; по существу дела; существенно, существенным образом; в высшей, в
высокой степени; чрезвычайно
invitation
— приглашение (to — на)
retaliation
— воздаяние, возмездие, кара, отплата, расплата
to
escalate — расширять, обострять (ситуацию, конфликт и т. п.); обостряться (о
конфликте, положении); перерастать
destructive
— разрушительный, уничтожительный, уничтожающий
to
destroy — разрушать, рушить, сносить; ликвидировать; стирать с лица земли;
истреблять, уничтожать; лишать жизни, убивать
huge
— большой, гигантский, громадный, огромный
mutually
— взаимно; обоюдно; сообща, совместно
to
assure — уверять; заверять кого-л.; убеждать; гарантировать, обеспечивать
nowadays
— в наши дни; теперь; в наше время
available
— доступный; имеющийся в распоряжении, наличный
Список литературы
Для
подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта alleng/
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