Discovery of the hole in the ozone layer showed that human activity
has a major impact on the Earth. The damage of ozone in the stratosphere high
above the planet's surface has been brought about as the result of the
widespread use of chemicals, which under normal conditions are chemically inert
and harmless.
Ozone occurs at all levels in the atmosphere, but most of it is
found in the stratosphere, between about 15-50 kilometres above the Earth's surface, where it plays a very important role. Ozone absorbs harmful
ultraviolet radiation which is produced by the Sun- Ultraviolet radiation can
damage cells of living things — plants, animals and people. Whereas small doses
result in nothing worse than sunburn, larger amounts may cause cataracts or
skin cancer, and can affect the growth of plants.
The damage of ozone has been caused by complex chemical reactions
involving chlorine and bromine. Large amounts of gas called CFCs were produced
in twentieth century for use in everyday appliances like fridges, aerosol spray
cans, and fire extinguishers. At ground level, these compounds are chemically
non-reactive. However they are carried on wind systems up into the high
atmosphere, where the ozone layer is. CFCs can be broken up by the intense
sunlight, but before their destruction CFCs gases become reactive and damage
the ozone layer.
The hole in the ozone layer is formed over the Antarctic continent
each spring. During the long dark Antarctic winter, the atmosphere becomes
colder than anywhere else on the Earth. Strong winds enclose the cold air above
the Antarctic, allowing ice clouds to form. The ice crystals provide the sites
where chlorine reacts with ozone when sunlight returns in the spring, and
results in the ozone hole.
In early summer the ozone hole mixes with the rest of the air mass
of the stratosphere. Over the past years, the concentrations of chlorine in the
atmosphere have been steadily increasing, and as a result — more ozone has been
destroyed.
Ozone itself is a useful protective layer high above our heads, but
in the cities is pollutant agent. The CFCs have other effects too. As well as
contributing to the breakdown of ozone, CFCs are also very effective in
providing «greenhouse effect», contributing to a gradual warming of the
atmosphere. However, the possible change in climate resulting from increases in
various greenhouse gases might actually make the stratosphere colder, not
warmer.
Governments of many countries agreed in 1987 to the Montreal
Protocol in an effort to reduce the amount of CFCs, and so protect the ozone
layer. Since then, more countries have signed it, and more substances included
for control. As a result, the amount of chlorine and bromine in the atmosphere
is decreasing. With less chlorine in the atmosphere the ozone hole should
become smaller, and eventually close up, but it might take 20-30 years.
Озоновая дыра
Открытие
дыры в озоновом слое показало, что человеческая деятельность оказывает большое
воздействие на Землю. Повреждение озона в стратосфере, на большой высоте от
поверхности планеты, было вызвано широким использованием химикалий, которые при
нормальных условиях являются химически инертными и безопасными.
Озон
есть на всех уровнях атмосферы, но большая его часть находится в стратосфере, на
высоте приблизительно от 15 до 50 километров над поверхностью Земли, где он играет очень важную роль. Озон поглощает вредную ультрафиолетовую радиацию, которая
излучается Солнцем. Ультрафиолетовая радиация может повредить клетки живых
существ — растений, животных и людей. Принимая во внимание, что маленькие дозы
становятся чем-то большим, чем просто загаром, большие дозы могут вызвать
катаракту глаза или рак кожи и могут воздействовать на рост растений.
Повреждение
озона было вызвано сложными химическими реакциями, в которые входит хлор и
бром. В двадцатом столетии было произведено большое количество газа, который
называется CFCs, для использования в обычных приборах, таких как холодильники, баллончики
для аэрозоля и огнетушители. На поверхности Земли эти сложные химические
вещества являются химически пассивными. Однако воздушные массы поднимают их в
верхние слои атмосферы, туда, где находится озоновый слой. Газ CFCs разрушается
только под воздействием интенсивного солнечного света, но прежде чем
разрушиться, газ CFCs становится активным и разрушает озоновый слой.
Отверстие
в озоновом слое появляется над Антарктидой каждую весну. В течение долгой
темной антарктической зимы атмосфера становится очень холодной, самой холодной
на Земле. Сильные ветры нагнетают холодный воздух над Антарктикой, что
позволяет формироваться ледяным облакам. Кристаллы льда становятся тем местом, где
хлор может прореагировать с озоном, когда весной снова появляется солнечный
свет, результатом чего и является озоновая дыра.
В
начале лета отверстие озона растворяется в остальной части воздушных масс
стратосферы. За прошедшие годы концентрация хлора в атмосфере все время
увеличивалась, в результате большое количество озона было разрушено.
Сам
озон — полезный защитный слой, находящийся высоко над нашими головами, но в
городах — это загрязнитель .Газы CFCs также имеют и другие воздействующие
эффекты. Как и в разрушении озонового слоя, газ CFCs также очень эффективен и в
образовании «парникового эффекта», способствуя постепенному нагреванию
атмосферы. Однако возможное изменение климата, вызванное увеличением содержания
различных газов, способствующих образованию парникового эффекта, может сделать
стратосферу холоднее, а не теплее.
В
1987 году правительства многих стран, чтобы попытаться уменьшить количество
производимых газов CFCs, и таким образом защитить озоновый слой, приняли
Монреальский Протокол. С тех пор это соглашение подписали и другие страны, еще
большее количество веществ было взято под контроль. В результате, количество
хлора и брома в атмосфере постепенно уменьшается, С меньшим количеством хлора в
атмосфере озоновая дыра должна стать меньше и в конечном счете исчезнуть, но на
это, вероятно, потребуется 20-30 лет.
Questions:
1. What did the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer show?
2. Why did the hole in the ozone layer appear?
3. What can ultraviolet radiation damage?
4. What caused the damage of ozone?
5. How are CFCs produced?
6. Why do CFCs become reactive and damage the ozone layer?
7. What does greenhouse effect contribute to?
8. What is the essence of the Montreal Protocol signed in 1987?
9. How long can it take to close up the ozone hole in the
atmosphere?
Vocabulary:
discovery
— обнаружение, открытие
ozone
layer — озоновый слой
to bring (past brought, p.p. brought) about — вызывать, причинять
impact
— влияние, воздействие
damage
— вред, повреждение
surface
— поверхность
widespread
— широко распространенный
harmless
— безвредный
to
occur — случаться, происходить
to
absorb — поглощать
ultraviolet
radiation — ультрафиолетовая радиация
cell
— клетка
to
cause — вызывать, причинять
cataract
— катаракта
skin cancer — рак кожи
to affect — воздействовать
chlorine — хлор
bromine — бром
appliance — прибор, приспособление
aerosol spray can — баллончик для аэрозоля
fire extinguisher — огнетушитель
wind systems — воздушные массы
to enclose — замыкать, окружать
to destroy — разрушать
to
contribute — способствовать, содействовать
to
increase — увеличиваться
breakdown
— разрушение
greenhouse
effect — парниковый эффект
gradual
— постепенный
effort
— усилие, старание
to
reduce — уменьшать
to protect — защищать
to decrease — уменьшать, сокращать
eventually
— в конечном итоге
Список литературы
Для
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