The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), sometimes called
North Atlantic Alliance, is an international organisation for defence
collaboration established in 1949, in support of the North Atlantic Treaty
signed in Washington, D.C., on April 4, 1949. Nowadays NATO headquarters are
located in Brussels, Belgium.
Initially there were 12 members in the NATO: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United Kingdom and United States and it was created as the reaction on the USSR threat to occupy Western Europe. Firstly, it was intended so that if the USSR and its allies launched an attack against any of the NATO members, it would be treated as if it
was an attack on all member states. This marked a significant change for the United States, which had traditionally favoured isolationist policies. Luckily, the feared
invasion of Western Europe never came.
Greece and Turkey joined the initial 12
members of the organisation in February 1952. Germany joined as West Germany in 1955.
In 1966 Charles de Gaulle removes French armed forces from NATO's
integrated military command to pursue its own nuclear defence programme. All
non-French NATO troops are forced to leave France. This precipitates the
relocation of the NATO Headquarters from Paris, France to Brussels, Belgium by October 16, 1967. However, France remained a member of NATO, notwithstanding it withdrew
from the integrated military command. While the political headquarters are
located in Brussels, the military headquarters, the Supreme Headquarters Allied
Powers Europe (SHAPE), are located just south of Brussels, in the town of Mons.
Following France Greece also withdrew its forces from NATO's
military command structure from 1974 to 1980 as a result of Greco-Turkish
tensions following the 1974 Cyprus dispute.
In 1978 NATO countries defined two complementary aims of the Alliance, to maintain security and pursue detente. In 1982 Spain joins the alliance. On
October 3, 1990, with the reunification of Germany, the former East Germany becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance. To secure
Soviet approval of united Germany remaining in NATO, it is agreed that there
will be no new foreign military bases in the east, and that nuclear weapons
will not be permanently stationed there. On March 31, 1991 the Warsaw Pact
comes to an end. It is officially dissolved on July 1, 1991. The Soviet Union collapses in December of the same year.
In 1994 NATO takes its first military action, shooting down two
Bosnian Serb aircraft violating a UN no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATO airstrikes the following year help bring the war in Bosnia to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement. In 1997 three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, are invited to join NATO. They joined in 1999. The same
year NATO sees its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War,
where it wages an 11 - week bombing campaign against what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, aimed at preventing the alleged ethnic cleansing of
Albanians. It ends on June 11, 1999, when Yugoslavian leader Slobodan Milosevic
agrees to NATO's demands.
During the Prague summit in 2002, seven countries are invited to
start talks in order to join the Alliance: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania. The invited countries joined NATO on March
29, 2004. Further countries expressed the wish to join the alliance, including Albania, the Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine and Croatia.
On March 29, 2004 Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined NATO. NATO Summit 2006 took place in
Latvia.
НАТО
Организация
Североатлантического договора (НАТО), иногда называемая Североатлантическим
альянсом, — это международная организация, созданная в 1949 году для
сотрудничества в сфере обороны и защиты Североатлантического договора, подписанного
в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, 4 апреля 1949 года. В наши дни, штаб-квартира
НАТО находятся в Брюсселе, Бельгия.
Первоначально
в НАТО было 12 стран-членов: Бельгия, Канада, Дания, Франция, Исландия, Италия,
Люксембург, Нидерланды, Норвегия, Португалия, Великобритания и США. Организация
была создана в ответ на угрозу СССР оккупировать Западную Европу. Сначала
планировалось, что в случае агрессии СССР и его союзников против любого из
членов НАТО, она будет рассматриваться как атака против всех стран — членов
блока. Это стало значимым изменением для Соединенных Штатов, которые обычно
проводили изоляционистскую политику. К счастью оккупация Западной Европы так и
не произошла.
Греция
и Турция присоединились к первоначальным 12 членам организации в феврале 1952
года. Германия, тогда ФРГ, присоединилась в 1955 году.
В
1966 году Шарль де Голь выводит французские вооруженные силы из под
объединенного военного командования альянса, чтобы развивать свою собственную
ядерную программу сдерживания. Это ускорило процесс передислокации
штаб-квартиры НАТО из Парижа, Франция, в Брюссель, Бельгия, и было произведено
к 16 октября 1967 года. Однако Франция осталась членом НАТО, несмотря на то что
вышла из объединенного военного командования. Если политическая штаб-квартира
Альянса находится в Брюсселе, военные штаб-квартиры, штаб-квартиры Верховного
командования альянсом находятся южнее Брюсселя, в городе Монс.
За
Францией из Альянса начиная с 1974 по 1980 год, вывела свои войска из под
объединенного военного командования альянса и Греция, произошло это в
результате греко-турецкого конфликта вокруг Кипра в 1974 году.
В
1978 году страны определили две дополнительные цели для Альянса — поддерживать
безопасность и добиваться ослабления напряжения в отношениях между
государствами. В 1982 к Альянсу присоединилась Испания. 3 октября 1990 года
воссоединенная
Германия, бывшая ГДР стала частью ФРГ и Североатлантического альянса. Чтобы
обеспечить признание нахождения объединенной Германии в Альянсе, была достигнута
договоренность, что на Востоке не будет ни одной иностранной военной базы, что
ядерное оружие не будет размещено на Востоке на постоянной основе. 31 марта
1991 года прекратил свое существование Варшавский Договор. Окончательно он был
аннулирован 1 июля 1991 года. В декабре этого же года развалился Советский
Союз.
В
1994 году НАТО принимает свое первое боевое крещение, сбив два
боснийско-сербских самолета, нарушивших запретное для их полетов воздушное
пространство ООН над центральной частью Боснии- и Герцеговины. Бомбовые удары
НАТО по Боснии помогли завершить боевые действия в Боснии, результатом чего
стал Дейтонский договор. В 1997 году три бывшие коммунистические страны —
Венгрия, Чешская Республика и Польша получили приглашение присоединиться к
Блоку. В 1999 году они присоединились к Альянсу. В том же году НАТО провела
свою первую широкомасштабную военную операцию в Косово, во время которой была
проведена 11-недельная бомбардировка федеральных сил Республики Югославия, целью
которой было предотвратить приписываемые югославам этнические чистки албанцев.
Операция закончилась 11 июня 1999 года, когда югославский лидер Слободан
Милошевич согласился выполнить требования НАТО.
Во
время Пражского саммита 2002 года были приглашены семь новых стран для переговоров
о вступлении в Альянс: Эстония, Латвия, Литва, Словения, Словакия, Болгария и
Румыния. Приглашенные страны присоединились к НАТО 29 марта 2004 года.
Следующими странами, выразившими желание присоединиться к НАТО, являются
Албания, Республика Македония, Украина и Хорватия.
29
марта 2004 года Болгария, Эстония, Латвия, Литва, Румыния, Словакия и Словения
присоединились к НАТО. Саммит НАТО 2006 года прошел в Латвии.
Questions:
1. What is the NATO?
2. When was the NATO established?
3. What were the purposes of the NATO creation?
4. What was the main aim of the NATO in its earliest years?
5. When did the NATO take its first military action?
6. How many members were there in the NATO initially?
7. What were the countries that joined the NATO in 1997?
8. Do you want Ukraine to join the NATO?
Vocabulary:
treaty — договор, соглашение, конвенция
alliance — союз; альянс (against; between; with)
defence
— защита; оборона
collaboration
— сотрудничество; участие, совместная работа (особ, в литературе, искусстве, науке)
to
establish — основывать, учреждать; устанавливать, выяснять, определять
to
locate — определять место, местонахождение; располагать в определенном месте;
назначать место (для постройки и т. п.); помещать, размещать
initially
— в начальной стадии, в начале; в исходном положении
Belgium
— Бельгия
Canada
— Канада
Denmark
— Дания
France
— Франция
Iceland
— Исландия
Italy
— Италия
Luxemburg
— Люксембург
Netherlands
— Нидерланды
Norway
— Норвегия
Portugal
— Португалия
United
Kingdom — Великобритания
to
occupy — захватывать, завоевывать, завладевать; оккупировать
to
intend — намереваться (делать что-л.); планировать (что-л.)
to
launch — запускать (спутник, ракету и т. п.); выпускать (снаряд);
катапультировать (against, at); бросать, разразиться (об угрозе, обвинении и т.
п.)
to
treat — обращаться, обходиться, вести себя (но отношению к кому-л. как-л.);
относиться; иметь дело (с кем-л.), договариваться, вести переговоры;
трактовать; рассуждать; рассматривать
significant
— значительный, важный, существенный; знаменательный; многозначительный;
выразительный
to
favour — благоволить, быть благосклонным, быть согласным; оказывать внимание, любезность
(with); покровительствовать, оказывать протекцию; поддерживать (какую-л. из
сторон); благоприятствовать; помогать, поддерживать, способствовать, оказывать
помощь
to
fear — бояться, страшиться, пугаться; предчувствовать (что-л. дурное), ожидать
(несчастья); опасаться (for)
invasion
— вторжение, нашествие, агрессия; набег; вмешательство; внезапное проникновение
to
join — соединять, объединять, связывать, скреплять; присоединять;
присоединяться (к кому-л.)
to
remove — убирать, уносить; отодвигать; переезжать, изменять место жительства;
уезжать; удалять, устранять
integrated
military command — объединенное военное командование
to
pursue — преследовать; следовать неотступно за; гнаться; бежать за;
преследовать (цель); следовать намеченному курсу; искать, добиваться
nuclear
defence programme — ядерная программа сдерживания, защиты
to
force — оказывать давление, заставлять, принуждать, вынуждать; напрягать, перенапрягать,
действовать на пределе сил; воен. брать; форсировать
to
leave (прош. ер. — left; прич. прош. вр. — left) — покидать (кого-л.; какое-л.
место); переезжать, уезжать .
to
precipitate — бросать, швырять (с силой с большой высоты); низвергать, повергать;
ввергать; торопить, ускорять, форсировать; подгонять
to
remain — оставаться; оставаться, пребывать; жить, обитать, пребывать;
находиться
to
withdraw (прош. вр. — withdrew; прич. прош. вр. — withdrawn) — отдергивать
(напр., руку); отнимать; забирать; отзывать; отводить (войска); ретироваться, удаляться,
уходить
supreme
— верховный; высший, главный, старший; высочайший; величайший
tension
— напряжение, напряженное состояние, напряженность (тж. об интеллектуальной, нервной
деятельности и т. д.)
Cyprus
— Кипр
dispute
— диспут, дискуссия, дебаты, полемика (about, over; with); спор, разногласия;
пререкания, ссора
Список литературы
Для
подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта alleng/
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