Everywhere we go, we hear about the Internet. It's on television, in
magazines, newspapers, and in schools. One might think that this network of
millions of computers around the globe is as fast and captivating as
television, but with more and more users logging on everyday and staying on
longer and longer, this «Information Superhighway» could be perhaps more
correctly referred to as an expressway of big city centre at rush hour.
It is estimated that thirty five to forty million users currently
are on the Internet. According to a recent statistics, an average Internet call
lasts five times as longer as the average regular telephone call. 10 percent of
the Internet calls last 6 hours or longer. This can cause an overload and, in
turn, cause telephone network to fail.
The local network was designed for short calls which you make and
then hang up, but Internet calls often occupy a line for hours. With so many
users in the Internet and their number is growing by 200 percent annually, it
certainly provides new challenges for the telephone companies. The Internet, up
to the beginning of the 90s, was used only to read a different texts. Then in
the early 90's, a way was made to see pictures and listen to a sound on the
Internet. This breakthrough made the Internet to be most demanded means of communication,
data saving and transporting.
However, today's net is much more than just pictures, text, and
sound. The Internet is now filled with voice massages, video conferencing and
video games. With voice massages, users can talk over the Internet for the
price of the local phone call.
Nowadays we no longer have to own a computer to access the Internet.
Now, - devices such as Web TV allow our television to browse the Web and use
Electronic Mail. Cellular phones are now also dialing up the Internet to provide
E-mail and answering machine services. The telephone network was not designed
and built to handle these sorts of things. Many telephone companies are
spending enormous amounts of money to upgrade the telephone lines.
K. Kao and G. Hockman were the first to come up with the idea of
using fiber optic cables, as opposed to copper wire, to carry telephone
signals. Fiber optics uses pulses of light to transmit binary code, such as
that used in computers and other electronic devices. As a result the amount of
bandwidth is incredibly raised. Another solution for the problem is fast modems
which satisfy the need for speed.
By accessing the Net through the coaxial cable that provides
television to our homes, the speed can be increased 1, 000 fold. However, the
cable system was built to only send information one way. In other words, they
can send stuff to us, but we can't send anything back, if there is no modem
available.
Yet another way is being introduced to access the Internet, and that
is through the use of a satellite dish just like the TV dishes currently used
to deliver television from satellites in space to your home. However, like
cable connection, the information can only be sent one way.
Faster ways of connecting to the Internet may sound like a solution
to the problem, but, just as new lanes on highways attract more cars, a faster
Internet could attract many times more users, making it even slower than
before.
To help solve the problem of Internet clogs, Internet providers are
trying new ways of pricing for customers. So, in business time any connection
to Net cost more than your connection in the night.
In conclusion, I should add that if we want to keep the Internet
usable and fairly fast, we must not only improve the telephone lines and means
of access, but also be reasonable in usage.
Будущее Интернета
Где
бы мы ни находились, мы слышим об Интернете. Мы слышим о нем по телевидению, читаем
в журналах, газетах и в школах. Можно подумать, что эта сеть, состоящая из
миллионов компьютеров по всему земному шару, столь же быстра и столь же
пленительна, как телевидение, но со все большим числом пользователей, входящих
в систему каждый день и остающихся там все дольше и дольше, это «информационное
супершоссе» можно назвать, и это будет верно, перегруженной автомагистралью
центральной части города в час пик.
По
приблизительным подсчетам в настоящее время в Интернете постоянно находятся
десятки миллионов пользователей. В соответствии со свежими данными статистики, средняя
продолжительность соединения длится в пять раз дольше, чем в среднем обычный
телефонный звонок. 10 процентов интернет-подключений длится 6 часов и дольше.
Это может вызвать перегрузку и, в свою очередь, вывести телефонную сеть из
строя.
Местная
сеть предназначена для коротких звонков, вы делаете звонок и затем вешаете
трубку, но не Интернет-вызовы, которые очень часто занимают линию в течение
многих часов. С таким числом пользователей в Интернете, а их число каждый год
увеличивается на 200 %, это, конечно, создает новые трудности для телефонных компаний.
До начала 90-х годов Интернет использовался только для чтения различного рода
текстов. Затем, в начале 90-х, в Интернете стал возможным просмотр картинок и
прослушивание звука. Это крупное достижение сделало Интернет самым
востребованным способом коммуникации, хранения и транспортировки информации.
Однако
сегодняшняя сеть намного больше, чем просто картинки, текст и звук. Интернет
теперь заполнен голосовыми посланиями, видео-конференц-связью и видео-играми.
При помощи голосовых сообщений пользователи могут общаться по Интернету друг с
другом, оплачивая только стоимость местного телефонного звонка.
Чтобы
получить доступ в Интернет, в настоящее время нам нужен не только компьютер.
Такие устройства как веб-телевидение позволяют нам пользоваться Интернетом и
вести трансляцию в Интернете, а также пользоваться электронной почтой. Сотовые
телефоны теперь также используют Интернет, чтобы обеспечить услуги электронной
почты. Телефонная сеть не была построена и предназначена для того, чтобы
обращаться с подобного рода вещами. Многие телефонные компании тратят огромные
суммы денег на модернизацию телефонных линий.
К.
Као и Г. Хокман были первыми, кому пришла в голову идея использовать для
передачи телефонных сигналов вместо медного провода, оптико-волоконный кабель.
В волоконной оптике для передачи двоичного кода, используемого в компьютерах и
других электронных устройствах, используется импульс света. В результате
пропускная способность линии очень возрастает. Другое решение проблемы — это
быстрые модемы, которые удовлетворяют потребность в скорости.
Попадая
в сеть через коаксиальный кабель, который обеспечивает телевещание в наших
домах, скорость может быть увеличена в 1000 раз. Однако кабельная система была
построена только для односторонней передачи информации. Другими словами, они
могут послать что-либо нам, а мы, если у нас нет модема, назад не можем послать
ничего.
Появился
еще один способ доступа в Интернет — с помощью спутниковой антенны. Однако, как
и с кабельным подключением, информацию можно послать в одном направлении.
Более
быстрые способы соединения с интернатом могут стать решением данной проблемы, но
так же, как и новые полосы движения на шоссе привлекают большее количество
автомобилей, так и более быстрый Интернет будет привлекать все большее и большее
количество пользователей, делая его еще более медленным, чем прежде.
Чтобы
помочь решить данную проблему засорения Интернета, Интернет-провайдеры пробуют
новые способы таксации для клиентов. Так, в бизнес-время любое подключение к
сети стоит дороже, чем подключение в ночное время.
В
заключение я должен добавить, что если мы хотим, чтобы Интернет оставался
годным к употреблению и действительно быстрым, мы должны не только улучшать
телефонные линии и средства доступа к нему, но также быть разумными в его
использовании.
Questions:
l. How many users are currently in the Internet?
2. How long does an average Internet call last?
3. What can cause the overload of the telephone system?
4. What was the main purpose of the Internet up to the 90s?
5. Do we need to have a computer to get access to the Internet
today?
6. Who was the first to come up with the idea of using fiber optic
cables?
8. What is the alternative way to get access to the Internet today?
Vocabulary:
network — сеть
to captivate — пленить
to
log on — входить, подключаться
to
last — длиться
overload — перегрузка
to grow (past grew, p.p.grown) — расти, увеличиваться
breakthrough
— крупное достижение, прорыв
voice
massage — голосовое послание
video
conferencing — видео-конференц-связь
Web
TV — веб-телевидение
to
browse — просматривать
cellular
phone — сотовый телефон
to
dialing up — набирать номер, звонить
answering
machine — автоответчик
to
handle — обращаться, иметь дело с
amount
— количество
fiber
optic cables — оптиковолоконный кабель
opposed
— зд. вместо
binary
code — бинарный код, двоичный код
amount
of bandwidth — пропускная способность
fast
modem — быстрый модем
coaxial
cable — коаксильный кабель
to
increase 1, 000 fold — увеличить(ся) в 1000 раз
satellite
dish — спутниковая тарелка
lane
— линии движения
clog
— засорение, препятствие
customer
— клиент, покупатель
business
time — бизнес-время
Список литературы
Для
подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта alleng/
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