Nixon In Cambodia Essay, Research Paper
Nixon in Cambodia Ever since 1970, Nixon and his associates have claimedthat the invasion of Cambodia at the end of April was a greatsuccess. This assessment has been widely accepted, howeverit is not accurate. The invasion not only was disatrous forCambodia, but it also had serious long-term effects onVietnamization and on the nature of the Nixon administrationitself. The way in which it was conducted broke rules ofgood policy making, ignored vital intelligence, anddisregarded political realities. According to William Shawcross, Congress was completelyignored, Nixon s reasons for doing such being personalvengeance (134-135). Apparently the Senate did not agreewith Nixon s two nominations to fill the Supreme Court,giving him much grief. Shawcross states that Nixon saw inCambodia the chance to restore his slighted authority (134). It was stated: The liberals are waiting to see Nixon let Cambodia go down the drain just the way Eisenhower let Cuba go down the drain (Shawcross 135). On February 9th, 1969, an NVA base was found just insideCambodia, General Creighton Abrahms attempted to convince thenew Nixon administration to carpet bomb the area(Carvin 1). In a memo to General Earle Wheeler, Chairman of the US JointCHiefs of Staff, Creighton argued: (t)here is little likelihood of involving Cambodian nationals if the target boxes are placed carefully. Total bomber exposure over Cambodian territory would be less than one minute per sortie (Carvin 1). When Nixon saw thier idea, he quickly approved thebombing with the assistance of his national security advisorHenry Kissinger. As suggested by Kissinger, Nixon orderedthat the attacks occur in secret, and all attempts to exposethe bombing should be stopped (Carvin 1-2). General Wheelerinformed his staff: In the event press inquiries are received following the execution of the Breakfast Plan as to whether or not US B-52s have struck in Cambodia, US spokesman will confirm that B-52s did strike on routine missions adjacent to the Cambodian border but state that he has no details and will look into the question (Shawcross 22). On March 9th, fortyeight boxeswere carpet bombed, the USconducting 3630 B-52 bombing raids in Cambodia over the next14 months(Carvin 2). Once the decision had been made inprinciple that Communist violations of Cambodia s neutralityjustified aggressive recriprocal action, it was not difficultto repeat the performance (Shawcross 26). Even though Kissinger stated that it was the bombing ofNorth Vietnamese in Cambodia and not Cambodia itself, secrecywas still a high priority. In April and May of that yearthere were several small references in the press concerningthe bombings of the border, but for some reason was notdeemed a major story. Despite the relative success of theadministration s news moratorium , Henry Kissinger wasenraged because of the minor breech(Carvin 2-3). In reflection he concluded that Mort Halperin, an aide
on the National Security Council staff, had leaked theinformation. In response, Kissinger removed Halperin fromthe loop and arranged FBI chief J. Edgar Hoover to wiretapHalperin s home. The Halperin tap being the first ofnumerous administration-sanctioned, illegal wiretaps(Carvin3). Nixon s Vietnamization, the helping of South Vietnam,never went according to plan. It took more time thanoriginally thought, taking 4 years and 26,000 more Americanlives, as well as hundreds of thousands of Vietnamesecasualties(Williams and others 226). Despite massiveanti-war protests, polls revealed that about 58% of thenation approved his policies (Williams and others 226). It was not until almost one year later that Nixonsuddenly announced that the US and South Vietnamese troopswere invading Cambodia to clean out the North Vietnamesecamps and to perhaps even capture a key Communistheadquarters(which was never found) (Williams and others283). However once he began to bomb, his reasoning came underimmediate scrutiny from US experts on southeast Asia, whoused history as a weapon against his policies. None of thebombing created the effect desired, no Communist bases found. However the effects did ripple through the US, fourstudents being killed by Ohio National Guardsmen duringantiwar protests at Kent State University(Williams and others227). The American effort collapsed in Indochina in April1975, when on April 12, Ambassador John Bunther and the USembassy staff evacuated by helicopter to a navy ship(Carvin2). Due to the final surrender, the Khmer Rouge forcedmarched into Phnom Penh on April 17th. The residents atfirst celebrating because the seige was over, however thathappiness turning to horror as the Khmer Rouge began to implement their barbarous plan for a utopian communistsociety (Carvin 2). Afterwards, Henry Kissinger and new president, GeraldFord asked that there be no recriminations (Shawcross 393). According to Shaw, maybe because of the US s drain of energy,thier please was listened to. A great debate never takingplace(393). Nixon and his associates claimed that the invasion ofCambodia was a great success, however it has been proveninaccurate. The invasion was not only disastrous forCambodia, but had serious long-term effects on Vietnamizationand on the nature of the Nixon administration itself. Numerous lives being taken in the pointless conflict,including the lives of college students here in the US. Nixon ignored vital intelligence and disregarded politicalrealities in order to carry out a half-baked dream ofheroism, trying to save South Vietnam from Communism. Bibliography Carvin, Andy. The End of Cambodia; The Beginning of a Nightmare . k12.bilkent.edu.tr/edweb.gsn/ sideshow/history/end.html, 1999. Carvin, Andy. Nixon s War: The American Bombing Begins . k12.bilkent.edu.tr/edweb.gsn/sideshow/history /nixon.html, 1999. Crowley, Monica. Nixon Off the Record. New York: Random House, 1996. Shawcross, William. Sideshow: KIssinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979. Williams, William, and others. America In Vietnam. New York: Anchor Books, 1985.
Другие работы по теме:
Scandal Watergate Essay Research Paper Watergate Scandal
Scandal- Watergate Essay, Research Paper Watergate Scandal THE WATERGATE SCANDAL Watergate is a hotel in Washington D.C. where the Democratic National Committee held their campaign headquarters. The current president at the time was Richard M. Nixon, who was involved in the scandal himself and which lead to the cause of his resignation.
Nixon His CoverUp Essay Research Paper Nixon
Nixon: His Cover-Up Essay, Research Paper Nixon: His Cover-up Who would have knew a U.S. President would have done a crime? Unless it was a good reason that is. This incident is called the Watergate scandal. At the Watergate Hotel in Washington D.C. was where this all started. This led to even more complications.
Nixon Essay Research Paper In June 1970
Nixon Essay, Research Paper In June 1970 Nixon signed into law a bill lowering the voting age in federal elections from 21 years of age to 18. In mid 1971, the 26th Amendment to the Constitution, extending the franchise to citizens 18 years of age in all elections, was ratified. In his January 1971 State of the Union message to Congress, Nixon outlined six sweeping proposals.
Watergate Essay Research Paper WATERGATEWatergate is the
Watergate Essay, Research Paper WATERGATE Watergate is the popular name for the political scandal and constitutional crisis that began with the arrest (June 17, 1972) of five burglars who broke into DEMOCRATIC National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office building in Washington, D.C. It ended with the resignation (Aug. 9, 1974) of President Richard M.
United States V Nixon Essay Research Paper
UNITED STATES V. NIXON (1974) Historical Context- President Richard M. Nixon was being charged of trying to cover up the Watergate incident. Watergate was and still is the headquarters for the Democratic Party. Some of Nixon s men broke into the complex and tried to wire tap the telephones. However, the bread in went bad.
Watergate Essay Research Paper WatergateIn June of
Watergate Essay, Research Paper Watergate In June of 1972 an event occurred that changed the course of history. On June 12, 1972 there was a break-in at the Watergate Hotel. When the police arrived they found 5
MadeUp Nixon Speech Essay Research Paper My
Made-Up Nixon Speech Essay, Research Paper My fellow Americans, I come to you tonight to ask for a hand to lend in my aide. I know that a great number of the silent majority would like to see the Vietnam war to finally come to a close. And, because of my campaign promise, I am standing here tonight to inform you that I have a plan of action that I shall use to uphold that promise.
Inside The Oval Office Essay Research Paper
Inside The Oval Office is a book written by William Doyle that explores the differences in the occupational tendencies of the Presidents of the United States since Franklin D. Roosevelt. The actual transcripts from calls and discussions from within the oval office walls in the White House give you a “behind the scenes” look at the Presidency in a manner that has never before been expressed, to my knowledge.
Watergate
– The Scandal Of Them All Essay, Research Paper Although twenty five years has passed since the notorious President Nixon resigned from office, the infamous legacy left by Richard Nixon and his administration will never be forgotten, leaving the American people with a distrust among American Politicians and disrespect for the American Presidency.
James Dean Essay Research Paper James DeanEven
James Dean Essay, Research Paper James Dean Even With Curie, Jordan, and Lewinsky….None of them were a Dean There are many parallels that can be drawn between the impeachment of Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton. Both involved the obstruction of justice and lying outright to the American public. But one thing that was omitted from the Clinton trial was a key f
If The White House Walls Could Talk
Essay, Research Paper They paint over me so many times as if they could cover up my memories. My memories cannot be covered up or erased, just as your memories they go on forever. I will never forget the Watergate scandal and Richard Nixon or women?s rights from the mid-1800s to the 1900s.
Gerald Ford And Albert Gore A Comparison
And Contrast Essay, Research Paper Gerald Ford (1974-77) and Albert Gore A Comparison and Contrast of the United States Presidency Gerald Ford and Albert Gore: A Comparison and Contrast of the United States Presidency
Nixon Essay Research Paper It is natural
Nixon Essay, Research Paper It is natural to want to trace a person s actions during his adult years to his early life. Richard M. Nixon is no different. Throughout his political career, he exhibited a fire within a fierce will to settle scores and triumph over others. A difficult upbringing scorned Nixon for life.
Nixon Essay Research Paper NixonI Civil
Nixon Essay, Research Paper Nixon I. Civil Rights A. Some people, mostly blacks, did not get equal rights. B. Nixon believed fundamentaly in responsible civil rights policy on
Short Summary Of Vietnam Essay Research Paper
Vietnam was a struggle which, in all honesty, the United States should never have been involved in. North Vietnam was battling for ownership of South Vietnam, so that they would be a unified communist nation. To prevent the domino effect and the further spread of communism, the U.S. held on to the Truman Doctrine and stood behind the South Vietnamese leader, Diem.
Watergate Essay Research Paper During President Nixon
Watergate Essay, Research Paper During President Nixon’s administration there was a history making scandal called Watergate. Watergate was based on a conspired break-in into the democratic headquarters in the Watergate building. Throughout this time Nixon’s term was a very rocky one. A person believed to have ties to the president or a high official that confirmed the Watergate story to Washington Post reporters Woodward and Bernstien.
Political Propaganda Essay Research Paper The Deception
Political Propaganda Essay, Research Paper The Deception of Political Propaganda Have you ever heard a political speech? Did you find you self in favor of the speakers idea after his speech sometimes even if you weren?t before. Politicians use political language to make us have a certain felling about something.
Kent State Massacre Essay Research Paper After
Kent State Massacre Essay, Research Paper After a long period of fighting a defensive war in Vietnam, on April 29, 1970, President Richard Nixon launched a full-scale attack in Cambodia, which greatly accelerated America s involvement in this conflict.
A Time To Step Down Essay Research
Paper A Time to Step Down When the President of the United States is sworn into office on his inaugural day in January, he is sworn to faithfully execute the supreme laws of the land, our constitution. We elect a new President every four years to run our nation, represent the country, and uphold the constitution of the United States.
Epa Essay Research Paper Environmental Protection AgencyDuring
Epa Essay, Research Paper Environmental Protection Agency During the 1970?s Richard Nixon took office. His administration had many goals for the future. During these years people were ready to change the way our society was going by helping the environment. Before it could get any worse the government decided to form an environmental protection agency after chemical pesticides were used.
Nixon Essay Research Paper
According to a famous quote ?People do not shape destiny, destiny shapes the person of the hour.? There are three people I feel had something happen to them which made them the man of the hour. These men are Ronald Reagan, John F. Kennedy, and Richard Nixon, all presidents of the United States.
Nixon And The Vietnam War Essay Research
Paper Richard Nixon and The Vietnam War Entering the executive office in 1969, Richard Milhaus Nixon would have to “pick up the slack” of his predecessor Lyndon Johnson who had left office while the Vietnam War was still waging on. Expected to be the “peaceful-president”, Nixon was visualized by many Americans as being the one who would put an end to the war in Southeast Asia and bring American troops home.
Richard Nixon Essay Research Paper Richard M
Richard Nixon Essay, Research Paper Richard M. Nixon was a very important figure in the history of the United States of America. Although his positive achievements are often overshadowed by his involvement in the Whitewater Scandal, I hope to shed some light on the true Richard Nixon.
Richard Nixon Essay Research Paper History will
Richard Nixon Essay, Research Paper History will inevitably forgive Richard Nixon. Despite his obvious unlawful mistakes, he made a good president. Until 1968, most Americans saw Richard Nixon as a political has-been, a dour pre-McCarthy hunter of Communists. In 1968, however, Nixon won the Presidency by presenting himself as a healer of divisions.
The Watergate Scandal Essay Research Paper The
The Watergate Scandal Essay, Research Paper The Watergate Scandal The Watergate Affair, is the worst political scandal in U.S. history. It led to the resignation of the president, Richard M. Nixon, after he became implicated in an attempt to cover up the scandal. ?The Watergate Affair? refers to the break-in and electronic bugging
Richard Nixon Essay Research Paper Reconciliation was
Richard Nixon Essay, Research Paper Reconciliation was the first goal set by President Richard M. Nixon. The Nation was painfully divided, with turbulence in the cities and war overseas. During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China.
Nixon Essay Research Paper Richard Nixon is
Nixon Essay, Research Paper Richard Nixon is usually depicted as the man you love to hate, glorified for being at the root of controversy in America?s history. But in Oliver Stone?s film Nixon, viewers begin to love the man that grew up in Whittier, California. As the son of a poor grocer, Nixon is depicted as a boy striving for acceptance, and the chance to use this acceptance to fulfill the American dream.
Richard M Nixon Essay Research Paper Early
Richard M. Nixon Essay, Research Paper Early Life Richard Milhous Nixon grew up in Yorba, California the son of Quakers Frank and Hannah Nixon. During Nixon?s childhood in Yorba, the family was always on the edge of poverty. The lemon grove was unfruitful, and there was little money for anything beyond food and clothing for the growing family.
Nixon Essay Research Paper During Nixon terms
Nixon Essay, Research Paper During Nixon terms as president (1968-1974) the Press wrote stories about the break at the democratic national headquarters in the Watergate offices building in
Richard Nixon Essay Research Paper Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon Essay, Research Paper Richard Nixon was known as the 37th president that resigned from office. I?m going to tell you the whole story. Nixon was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California, the second of five sons of Francis Nixon and Hannah Nixon. The Nixons were Scots-Irish and the Milhouses were of Irish and English descent, were known as Quakers.
Cambodia Essay Research Paper Since the earliest
Cambodia Essay, Research Paper Since the earliest of Cambodia’s history, this small Asian country has fought for peace and independence from a long string of foreign invaders. It has fought the rule of such countries as Siam, Vietnam, and France over the years. This was also the scene for Cambodia during The Cold War.
Cambodia Essay Research Paper Cambodia is known
Cambodia Essay, Research Paper Cambodia is known for its war torn history as well as its factor in international business. By using Griffins framework, and reading the article A Bumpy Road to Reform out of the September 11. 2000 issue of Business Week it is easy to see why such large companies such as Nike, Target, Gap, JC Penny and Wal-Mart see interest in this war ravaged nation in need of export earnings and investment.