? State Of Crisis.To What Extent Do You Agree With This Statement? Essay, Research Paper
Introduction: –
On the eve of WWI, what sort of state was Germany in? –
Emerging pressure from the SPD, increased influence ? largest
party in Reichstag. Stability of empire threatened –
Government had financial problems ? not enough income.? Increased naval expenditure worsened
problem. –
No powerful leadership ? succession of PM?s after Bismarck not
successful, each sacked after short period.?
People dissatisfied and socialist support grew. –
Problems were so deep-rooted ? right wing conservatives 2
solutions ?either a coup by the Kaiser or a victorious war.? Middle part: –
After Kaiser William accepted Bismarck?s resignation in 1890,
Germany lost its great leader, Kaiser tried to replace him with a series of
PM?s each had his own solution to Germany?s problems. –
Problems – What were Germany?s longstanding problems? –
Under Bismarck ? socialism, Catholicism, military expansion,
tariffs and government funding. –
No new problems in Germany ? 1890-1914 see a worsening of
existing problems already apparent under Bismarck. –
Socialism ? Bismarck had failed in his dealings with the
increase of socialism within Germany, all of his policies had failed and his
predecessors encountered similar problems. –
Caprivi ? Pursued progressive socialist legislation to
decrease socialist influence in the Reichstag ? reduced tariffs on goods coming
into country ? reduced cost of living ? socialist support continued to
increase.? Caprivi dismissed over
failure to bring in fresh anti-socialist legislation. –
Caprivi was equally unsuccessful in dealing with the socialist
problem and Bismarck had been. Both saw socialism as a threat and a
revolutionary force, possible solution? Integration into govt. at this
point.? Conservative monarchy reluctant
to give up power. (?Compromise?is stronger than the revolution scheme? Eduard
Bernstein SPD leader 1899.) showing willingness of less extreme socialists to
compromise. –
Hohenlohe ? tried to win support of middle classes and
suppress ?revolutionary socialist threat?. Navy program ? hoped to decrease
influence of socialism by non-violent means ? would provide secure jobs for
many socialist workers, hence build govt. support ? Hohenlohe too cautious and
sacked in 1900. –
Bernard von BЬlow ? popular with conservatives as reintroduced
higher tariffs ? further increased socialist forces as price of living
rose.? Sacked over failure to support
Kaiser on comments made to the British press. –
Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg ? little to combat growing
socialism ? 1912 largest party in the Reichstag ? stability of empire
threatened. –
The accumulation of the socialist problem was important to
state of empire in 1914.? By 1914
socialism had grown into as powerful force that threatened the authority of the
Kaiser, a solution must be found.? This
was the view held by the conservatives, the Kaiser and his advisors.? However, socialism by no means a united
force ? disagreement e.g. –
Extremists ? revolution (?I want to remain the deadly enemy of
the bourgeois society and ? to eliminate in entirely!? August Bebel SPD leader
1903.) –
Revisionists ? legitimate inclusion into govt. (?compromise?is
stronger than the revolution scheme? Eduard Bernstein SPD leader 1899.) –
Disagreements meant Kaiser overestimated ability of socialists
to whip up support. –
Was this situation critical? Probably not ? had the
conservatives given limited power to the SPD likelihood is problem would have
disappeared ? advice to Kaiser (?either a coup by the Kaiser or a victorious
war.?) too drastic. –
Other problems: –
Government funding ? true funding had been scarce even in
Bismarck?s era, hence tariff laws ? situation worsened by naval spending under
Hohenlohe, BЬlow, and Bethmann-Hollweg and loss of tariff income under Caprivi and
Hohenlohe.? Policies were feasible
provided direct taxation was introduced.??
–
Solution was direct taxation ? problem realised but not solved
between 1890-1914.? Added to crisis! –
Naval spending ? policy introduced supposedly to ?stimulate
trade and industry? push stock market prices up, save many assets and bring
about a consolidation of the economy.? (Prince Otto zu Salm, President of the
navy league, 1901) The real motives are questionable ? the building of the navy
achieved little except an increase in govt. expenditure.? Motivation perhaps a multiplicity of
interests ? ?It would be very interesting to learn the connections which exist
between the fleet fanatics and the manufacturers of the fleet. Conclusion: –
The state of crisis was induced by the lack of ability among
those in charge of the country to make important difficult decisions. –
Problems were: –
Kaiser intent to holding onto power, unwilling to give any up –
Overestimation of SPD strength. –
Reality that conservatives still held control and moderate
reform could have sorted the problems. –
Govt. funding could have been increased by direct taxation or
debt avoided by not reducing tariffs or reducing naval spending. –
The govt. wasted money on naval problem ? filled own pockets –
So to what extent was Germany in a state of crisis by 1914,
certainly a crisis did exist, however, only to the extent that something needed
to be done ? the conservative view that only a coup or a successful war could
have averted the crisis is unfounded. –
Had the govt. introduced direct taxation, reduced naval
spending, and given the SPD a greater say in the govt. of the country by
negotiation, WWI, which ultimately resulted from this crisis, may have been
averted.
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