Super Conductors Essay, Research Paper
I. INTRODUCTION: Superconductors An element or compound that will conduct electricity without resistance below acertain temperature is a superconductor. This applies only to direct current electricity andto limited amounts of current. Once it is set in motion the current will flow forever, in aclosed loop of superconducting material. Superconductivity is manifested only below acertain critical temperature and a critical magnetic field which vary with the material used.Before 1986, the highest critical temperature was 23.2 Kelvin, which would be -417.6.F.Temperatures this low were achieved by use of liquid helium, an expensive, inefficientcoolant. Ultra low-temperature operation places a severe constraint on the overallefficiency of a superconducting machine.II. History Superconductivity was first discovered in 1911 by the Dutch physicist HeikeKamerlingh Onnes, who observed no electrical resistance in mercury below 4.2 K , or-451.8. F. The phenomenon was better understood only after strong diamagnetism wasdetected in a superconductor by Karl W. Meissner and R. Ochsenfeld of Germany in 1933.The basic physics of superconductivity, however, was not realized until 1957, when theAmerican physicists John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, and John R. Schrieffer advanced thenow celebrated BCS theory, for which the three were awarded the 1972 Nobel Prize inphysics. The theory describes superconductivity as a quantum phenomenon , in which theconduction electrons move in pairs and show no electrical resistance. In 1962 the Britishphysicist Brian D. Josephson examined the quantum nature of superconductivity andproposed the existence of oscillations in the electric current flowing through twosuperconductors separated by a thin insulating layer in a magnetic or electric field. Theeffect, known as the Josephson effect, subsequently was confirmed by experiments.III APPLICATIONS Because of the lack of resistance of superconductors, they have been used tomake electromagnets that generate large magnetic fields with no energy loss.Superconducting magnets have been used in diagnostic medical equipment, studies ofmaterials, and in the construction of powerful particle accelerators. By using the quantum
effects of superconductivity, devices have been developed that measure electric current,voltage, and magnetic field with unprecedented sensitivity. IV. Uses for Superconductors: In the field of biomagnetism, superconductors can peform a life-saving function. Doctors need a non-invasive means of determining what’s going on inside the human body.By putting a strong superconductor magnetic field into the body, hydrogen atoms thatexist in the body’s water and fat molecules are forced to accept energy from the magneticfield. They then release this energy at a frequency that can be detected and displayed on a computer. Magnetic Resonance Imaging was discovered in the mid 1940’s, and hasrecently become a necessary medical tool with the development of powerful computers toElectric generators made with superconducting wire are far more efficient thanconventional generators wound with copper wire. In fact, their efficiency is above 99%and their size about half that of conventional generators. General Electric has estimatedthe potential worldwide market for superconducting generators in the next decade ataround $20-30 billion dollars. GE is currently developing a 100-megavolt-ampereprototype to confirm viability. Other commercial power projects in the works that employsuperconductor technology include energy storage to enhance power stability. An idealized application for superconductors is to use them in the transmission ofcommercial power to cities. But, due to the high cost and impracticality of cooling milesof superconducting wire to cryogenic temperatures, this has only happened with short”test runs”. In the electronics industry, ultra-high-performance filters are now being built.Since superconducting wire has near zero resistance, even at high frequencies, many morefilter stages can be employed to achive a desired frequency response. This translates intoan ability to pass desired frequencies and block undesirable frequencies in applicationssuch as cellular telephone systems. Superconductors have also found widespread applications in themilitarySuperconductors are being used by the US NAVY to detect mines and submarines.And, significantly smaller motors are being built for NAVY ships using superconductingwire and “tape”.
Другие работы по теме:
Melville
’s “Bartleby The Scrivener”: Introduction Of Character Essay, Research Paper Melville’s “Bartleby the Scrivener”: Introduction of Character In the first three paragraphs of ?Bartleby the Scrivener,? Melville
Alfred Wegener Essay Research Paper Alfred Wegener
Alfred Wegener Essay, Research Paper Alfred Wegener was an explorer and meteorologist, born in Berlin, who first came up with the “Continental Drift Theory” or the “Wegener Theory.” This theory stated that all of the continents came from one super continent, also known as Pangea, which spread apart gradually moving into their current positions on Earth.
Aids Paper Essay Research Paper This is
Aids Paper Essay, Research Paper This is a pretty decect AIDS paper I wrote for an English class I think I got a B+—–I. Introduction Thesis-Practicing safe sex is essential in a world where diseases like AIDS exist. II. Bodya. There are many forms of safe sex, abstinence being the only 100% effective one. 1. If one chooses to have sex then condom use is very important. 2.
James Clerk Maxwell Essay Research Paper IntroductionHave
James Clerk Maxwell Essay, Research Paper Introduction Have you ever left a football outside? If you have you probably noticed it got smaller. And when you took it inside and set it next to a furnace or a vent blowing hot air, the ball tends to get a little bigger. This process can be best described by the Kinetic Molecular theory.
Aids Essay Research Paper Engl 118 April
Aids Essay, Research Paper Engl. 118 April 14, 1996 I. Introduction Thesis- Practicing safe sex is essential in a world where diseases like AIDS exist. II. Body
Tornadoes Essay Research Paper Introduction
Tornadoes Essay, Research Paper Introduction: A tornado is an extremely violent and destructive whirlwind. Each year, hundreds of tornadoes touch the ground causing millions of dollars worth of damage, and claim lives. A tornado is one of natures most awesome displays of power. A tornado extends down from a mass of dark clouds in the form of a whirling funnel and moves over land.
LOTF Essay Research Paper Introduction
LOTF Essay, Research Paper Introduction The first main problem the boys have in the novel Lord of the Flies is that they are unprepared for survival on an uninhabited
Venus Essay Research Paper afgararg
Venus Essay, Research Paper afgararg www.TheFirstTime Become Super User Become Regular User LOGIN: Super LOGIN: Regular FAQ Links Mail Us News Advertise Copyright Credits Press DateGuide The Junction The X Network
Pacific Vortex Essay Research Paper Pacific VortexBy
Pacific Vortex Essay, Research Paper Pacific Vortex! By Clive Cussler Interviewer: Hello. I am here with Dirk Pitt, the death defying adventurer and deep-sea expert. He has just been into the depths of the Pacific Vortex and-
Play Overviews Essay Research Paper Actor
Play Overviews Essay, Research Paper Actor: Gavin Kane Character: Eddie Play: Fool for Love by Sam Shepard Super Objective: Eddie wants May to understand just how much he?s gone through to come and see
Transistors Essay Research Paper Semiconductors have an
Transistors Essay, Research Paper Semiconductors have an electrical resistivity that is in between those of good conductors and those of good insulators. Both silicon and germanium, which are the two basic semiconductors, have four electrons in the outermost electron subshell. In formation of the lattice structure of the silicon or germanium, all the valence electrons are involved in the bonding, so the material should be an insulator.
What Does It Mean To Be Moral
Essay, Research Paper What does it mean to be moral? Our morality is used every day in every situation and decision we make. Morality is very much a part of who you are. To be a person who is moral you know what is right and wrong on your own.
Essay On Man Essay Research Paper Scriptalready
Essay On Man Essay, Research Paper Script already be on stage when show starts Austin= super stu Brian=Fredrick Austin says- ?Hi guys, I hope your doing sssuper, My name is stu, and this is my partner in crime, Fredrick. Fredrick don?t be bashful, introduce your self silly.?
10 Business Opportunities Essay Research Paper 10
10 Business Opportunities Essay, Research Paper 10 Possible Business Opportunities 1. Graveyard for the elite in Defense Phase 8 2. CNG Gas station in Hyderabad (with installation of kit facility) and on Super highway
Printer Technology Essay Research Paper Since the
Printer Technology Essay, Research Paper Since the introduction of computers into our society, there have been countless advancements in this technology. One of the most frequently used output devices in the computer system is the printer. Like all other components of the computer, this piece of equipment has been developed and improved over time.
Speaker
#3 Essay, Research Paper He was born on Essen of Germany. He was an ordinary citizen of Germany. The keyword to this essay is that word “was.” After the NAZI came into power, he was treated as an “inferior race.” He did not beat anyone up or abuse anyone. So, why was he being treated badly? He was a Jewish person in a new era.
In HOuse Pollution Essay Research Paper IntroductionThe
In HOuse Pollution Essay, Research Paper Introduction The phrase ?House? isn?t a strange thing for us. Everyone in the earth wish to has his or her own house to live in. People use their house for shelter and a place to sleep, cook, bath, relax and many more. What?s the most important is that they could spend their time with their families.
Scholarship Essay Essay Research Paper No greater
Scholarship Essay Essay, Research Paper No greater contribution can be made to a specific field than research that leads to the development of a new and superior technology. Universities and businesses constantly attempt to remain on the cutting edge of new design, manufacturing, and application systems through research and development.
Milky Way Essay Research Paper The Milky
Milky Way Essay, Research Paper The Milky Way is the place we call home, as well as about 100 billion other stars. It looks very much like other spiral galaxies when viewed from above. There are spiral arms and a nucleus. Viewed from the side, it is about 140,000 LY in width and the nucleus (core) is about 20,000 LY tall.
Hybrid Printing Process Essay Research Paper INTRODUCTIONThe
Hybrid Printing Process Essay, Research Paper INTRODUCTION The printing for hybrid circuits is a fundamental process in which the conductors, resistors and overglaze are put onto a ceramic tile called a substrate. While conductors, resistors and overglaze are not printed at the same time, the process is the same.
SuperDuper Teddy Essay Research Paper Wendy Abram
Super-Duper Teddy Essay, Research Paper Wendy Abram February 9, 2000 Book Report (about a boy character) Title: Super-Duper Teddy Author: Johanna Hurwitz Setting: The story takes place in Teddy?s
An AllImportant Introduction Essay Research Paper In
An All-Important Introduction Essay, Research Paper In the first three paragraphs of ?Bartleby the Scrivener,? Melville introduces a character who will be played upon and defined throughout his text. This introduction is crucial to the story and the fact that the lawyer introduces himself greatly increases its effectiveness.
Retail Trade Essay Research Paper Write a
Retail Trade Essay, Research Paper Write a structure-performance study of the retail trade industry Paper should include the ff structure 1 Introduction. In this section you give an overview of the industry, its size, growth over the past 10-20 yrs, its important to the economy and other significant factors. 1-2 pages
Superconductors Essay Research Paper Super conductivity is
Superconductors Essay, Research Paper Super conductivity is a natural phenomenon in which certain materials such as metals, alloys, and ceramics, can conduct electricity without resistance. These materials are what we call superconductors. In a superconductor, once the flow of electrons begins, it essentially goes on forever, making it an important material to humans.
Boeing 700 Essay Research Paper Boeing 700
Boeing 700 Essay, Research Paper Boeing 700 By: Jack Richards The Boeing 700 s are very capable of handling duties in the commercial and military world. The Boeing 700 s are capable of handling many tasks in the commercial and military world. With the introduction of the 707 in the late fifties to the most recent 777 in the early nineties the, 700 s have dominated the commercial world for five decades.