The origins of the International Nuclear Information System (INIS) date to 1966 when consultants from the former USSR and USA outlined a scheme for an international information system. The birth of such a globally oriented nuclear information system, however, was some years in the making.
Between the late 1940’s and into the middle of the 1960’s, a number of countries established national information activities in the nuclear area. Duplication of efforts and incomplete coverage of all the nuclear literature accompanied these activities. The International Atomic Energy Agency was founded in 1957 and offered a framework within a United Nations Organization for cooperation in a wide range of nuclear related activities, among them information exchange. In 1965, the Director General of the IAEA invited two consultants, one from the USA and the other from the former USSR, to formulate a proposal for an international system to provide nuclear information services to users in all IAEA Member States (countries) and led in 1966 to a first documented proposal for an international system.
This proposal needed a detailed system design in order to enable Member States to evaluate the feasibility of establishing such a system. The detailed design was carried out by a group of experts during 1968. They produced the “INIS Study Team Report” which formed the basis of the INIS system. INIS was approved as a part of the IAEA programme by the Board of Governors of the IAEA in February 1969. Participating Member States began reporting records of their national nuclear literature to the System in early 1970 and the first INIS output product Atomindex both in printed form and on magnetic tape appeared in 1970.
Since that time a number of major milestones have punctuated the INIS road; availability of the Database online from a number of commercial hosts in the late 1970’s; adoption of controlled terminology for identifying subject scope of documents in 1971; introduction of abstracts in machine-readable form in 1975; availability of the INIS Database online from the Agency’s computer on an experimental basis in 1977 and on a regular basis in 1985 and on the Internet using a Web-based retrieval software in October 1998; introduction of an expert system for quality control in 1989; availability of the Database on CD-ROM in 1991; expansion of the subject scope to include the environmental and economic aspects of non-nuclear energy sources in 1992; and routine receipt of input to the system by electronic mail in 1993; availability of full text non-conventional literature on CD-ROM in 1997.
Другие работы по теме:
Nuclear Power Essay Research Paper People use
Nuclear Power Essay, Research Paper People use a lot of natural resources on the earth. These resources are gradually being diminished. As these resources are diminished we will continue to look for alternative energy sources. Currently the only short term solution to this problem is nuclear power. The problem with that though is that nuclear power is not as safe as burning coal, gas, or oil.
Nuclear Weapons Essay Research Paper Even though
Nuclear Weapons Essay, Research Paper Even though the United States and Russia have just concluded the most far-reaching nuclear arms reduction treaty in history, the danger that nuclear weapons will actually be used is growing rather than declining. George Bush and Boris Yeltsin’s START II accord does represent an important step in winding down the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms race (Fromuth, 1993).
The Nuclear Threat Essay Research Paper The
The Nuclear Threat Essay, Research Paper The United States, once a defender of world peace and an international police power, seems today to be loosening the grip that has in the past prevented so much violence through out the world. At a time when “renegade” nations are arming with nuclear weapons, the Senate has voted not to ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, a document that in the President’s words “is critical to protecting the American people from the dangers of nuclear war”.
Nuclear Power Plants Essay Research Paper Nuclear
Nuclear Power Plants Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Plants The question of whether the U.S. should have nuclear power plants is very controversial. There are two sides that one can take; however, both sides have their own share of problems. If you chose to not have nuclear plants, then eventually all natural resources will run out.
Nuclear Arms Essay Research Paper The United
Nuclear Arms Essay, Research Paper The United States in World War II created nuclear weapons in a secret wartime project. The U.S. spent over $2 billion dollars in 1945 on the project in fear that the Germans might succeed in creating a similar weapon. However the German’s did not seriously pursue the development of the nuclear weapons during World War II.
Global Warming Deforestation Nuclear Waste And Pollution
Essay, Research Paper Q. Discuss some issue of personal, local, or international concern and its importance to you. Through out my high school year I have researched on many issues and all of the issues are important to me. All of the issues are important to me because in a way all of the problems are connected to each other and one problem leads to another.
Nuclear Medicine Essay Research Paper Nuclear MedicineThere
Nuclear Medicine Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Medicine There are many things to be said about Nuclear Medicine. During the 20th century the world has seen many changes in medicine. One of the most ingenious creations of the century in the health field is Nuclear Medicine and Radiology. It is easily argued that modern medicine is the greatest accomplishment in human history1.
Nuclear Terrorism Essay Research Paper Today the
Nuclear Terrorism Essay, Research Paper Today, the terrorists have innumerable opportunities to attack where they want and also, how they want. The reason? Nobody knows, but how would you like if you would be able to put some nuclear stuff in a small box instead of looking for a place where you could drive your wagon full of explosives.
The Internet Vs The Library Essay Research
Paper The Internet vs. the Library Overall, when one compares the Internet vs. the Library, the Library is superior. This is because, though it takes a bit longer to use, the Library has a standard information research tool; the Dewey decimal system. This organized system makes finding books simple, and with the added assistance of a librarian, finding information can be easy.
Nuclear Arms Control In India And The
Abm Treaty Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Diplomacy and Arms Control 1. There would be several advantages for the Government of India by adhering to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). For instance, adhering would ease international pressures spearheaded by the United States, Great Britain, and France.
The First Reactor Essay Research Paper The
The First Reactor Essay, Research Paper The First Reactor The First Reactor chronicles the conception and implementation of the first self-sustaining nuclear pile. The booklet has three main sections to it. The first one tells of the history and background of the organizations and research that were used for the momentous experiment, as well as the actual proceedings that occurred on December 2, 1942.
Nucelar Enargy Essay Research Paper nuclear reactornuclear
Nucelar Enargy Essay, Research Paper nuclear reactor nuclear reactor, device for producing NUCLEAR ENERGY by controlled nuclear reactions. It can be used for either research or power production. The reactor is so constructed that the fission of atomic nuclei produces a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction, in which the produced neutrons are able to split other nuclei.
Emergence Of The Nuclear Age Essay Research
Paper Emergence of the Nuclear Age I feel the most important issue which I learned in class was of the emergence of the nuclear age. I feel that this is important due to the fact
Nuclear Weapons Essay Research Paper The topic
Nuclear Weapons Essay, Research Paper The topic of nuclear weapons is one that will be around forever. One of my favorite lines from the reading we had was that we cannot uninvent nuclear
The Spread Of Nuclear Weapons More May
Be Better Essay, Research Paper The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Be Better ??????????? Kenneth Waltz, produces an interesting and semi compelling argument for the use of Nuclear weapons as a way of maintaining the
Plutonium Essay Research Paper Plutonium239 an isotope
Plutonium Essay, Research Paper Plutonium-239 (an isotope of plutonium) is used in making nuclear weapons. Plutonium- 238 is used to power equipment on the moon by means of the heat it emits. Plutonium is also used in radionuclide batteries for pacemakers.
Euro In America Essay Research Paper On
Euro In America Essay, Research Paper On January 1,1999, the world witnessed a change never seen before: eleven nations of the European Union fixed their currencies to each other and established the world?s first common currency, the Euro. The creation of a single European currency will be the most important development in the international monetary system since the adoption of flexible exchange rates in the early 1970.
Bignerds Essay Research Paper Why nuclear fusion
Bignerds Essay, Research Paper Why nuclear fusion is so cool……. For a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which are positively charged, must have enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force of repulsion. This can occur either when one nucleus is accelerated to high energies by an accelerating device, or …
Greeks Essay Research Paper The Greek International
Greeks Essay, Research Paper The Greek International System The Greeks settled around the Greek peninsula and the islands in the Aegean Sea. They also went to areas located in India. Through the International system, city-states are formed sovereign within themselves. With the Greeks, there was a conglomeration of city-states that had external pressures by the Persians.
Y2k 6 Essay Research Paper Y2K is
Y2k 6 Essay, Research Paper Y2K is also called a bug. Y2K is one of the big problems for everyone. Y2K means many computer systems use software that tracks dates with only the last two numbers of years such as 97 instead of 1997. When 00 comes up for the year 2000, many computers will view it as 1900 instead, potentially leading to failures in business, transportation, utilities and other services.
Functions Of Memory Essay Research Paper THE
Functions Of Memory Essay, Research Paper THE FUNCTIONS OF MEMORY Memory is the ability to remember past events, images, ideas, or previously learned information or skills. Memory is also the storage system that allows a person to retain and retrieve previously learned information.
Alas Babylon Essay Research Paper Alas Babylon
Alas, Babylon Essay, Research Paper Alas, Babylon Essay In the book Alas, Babylon, the author, Pat Frank, discusses the condition of the human race. Mainly, his view differs from others because rather than write about the countries in a nuclear war, he writes about people living in the countries that are involved in that war.
Geographical Information System Essay Research Paper GIS
Geographical Information System Essay, Research Paper GIS Geographical Information System originated in the 1960s. During the early days of the technology the use was limited to a small group of practicioners. It is a information technology which analizes, stores, and displays both spatial and non-spatial data.
Nuclear Energy Essay Research Paper Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Energy should be produced because it is an alternative to fossil fuel. Nuclear energy helps to conserve our national resources that we use as fuel such as coil, oil, and natural gas. Another pro of nuclear energy is that radiation that is given off by nuclear energy is mostly thought of a very dangerous thing but it can be used in positive ways too.
Metric System Essay Research Paper Metric SystemThe
Metric System Essay, Research Paper Metric System The Metric System, also known as the System Internationale (SI) was developed in France in 1799. The Metric System was created because the French and English were not in agreement politically, therefore the French did not want anything to do with the English including their system of measurements.
Myths Essay Research Paper Is Information Technology
Myths Essay, Research Paper Is Information Technology a good thing? With the invention of the silicon chip, fiber optic cable and satellite communications the information superhighway is real. This global network of computers makes it possible to move massive amounts of information virtually anyplace.
Us Affairs Essay Research Paper The US
Us Affairs Essay, Research Paper The U.S. plays a major role in most of the international affairs because the U.S. is considered to be a powerful nation. The Economy of America is strong, and the military power is one of the biggest in the world. There was a Persian Gulf War back in 1991 when the U.S. attacked Iraq.
Disaster Recovery Essay Research Paper Windows on
Disaster Recovery Essay, Research Paper Windows on Management – Disaster Recovery in the New Information Age This window talks about some of the benefits of a recovery system for businesses with round the clock electronic commerce. If a disaster happens and these companies don’t have a recovery system, it can cause massive delays and that can lead to loss of business and profits.
International Relations Realism Essay Research Paper In
International Relations: Realism Essay, Research Paper In the discipline of International Relations realism, which developed as a reaction to idealism during the Cold War, has become the dominant school of thought . Realism makes power the currency of international politics. Realist argue that by accumulating power states can ensure the security of the population within the state.
How To Writing A Research Essay Essay
, Research Paper How To Writing A Research Essay The toughest part of the essay, for me, was taking all the information I had gained and reduce it to a mere few pages essay. After all, quality is better
Atomic Physics Essay Research Paper subject
Atomic Physics Essay, Research Paper subject = physics title = Atomic Physics papers = Please put your paper here. ATOMIC PHYSICS Atomic Physics- is the study of atomic matter.