30 Years War Essay, Research Paper
Kavita Makadia `
European History: Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years War is said to be “the last and most destructive of the wars of religion.”(Kagan. The Western Heritage. Pg.408) There were many occurrences in the years preceding the war that unavoidably caused the fighting. There was conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants and the Calvinists and the Lutherans, who all believed in sacrificing for their religious beliefs and expansion of their political control. This caused strife because of people s powerful pride in their religion. At this time, Protestants in the Roman Empire were worried over the existence of an imperial and papal conspiracy to re-establish the Catholic Europe of before. The population was divided between Catholics and Protestants in Europe by the years of the War. Lutherans had gained political control in some Catholic areas as had the Catholics in Lutherans in some areas, causing them to be on edge and aware of each others threat. Catholic rulers called for the return of land to them by these Lutherans and many Calvinists, but their demands were ignored. Also, at this time Calvinism gained strong influence after the Peace of Augsburg causing the Lutherans to begin to fear their power. This intertwined with the inner conflicts in the religions between liberal and conservative followers. The Jesuits were winning back major cities for the Catholics after Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, organized a Catholic League to counter a new Protestant alliance. There was also inner turmoil in the 360 German autonomous states. The Peace of Augsburg had granted each sovereignty within its borders making trade and travel between the cities difficult. Other problems surrounded the scientific and material culture was brought to intellectuals and politicians creating anxiety of religious people. In the 1600 s the governments did not possess the proper social skills to work out international problems verbally. The tension surrounding the political and religious dilemmas was too great for these problems to have ever been solved without a war.
The political corruption is often times overlooked when discussing the Thirty Years War because of the publicity of the internal religious hostility within the Holy Roman Empire. A major battle broke out around the disputes brought about by King Ferdinand. The Bohemian kind revoked the religious freedoms of all the Bohemian Protestants. The Protestant nobilities in Prague rebelled against him by throwing his officials out the window. Later, Ferdinand became the Holy Roman Emperor, causing a Bohemian revolt, which later turned into an international war. Ferdinand, in return conquered Bohemia, and converting all of the people Catholic. This caused fear around the entire Empire that Ferdinand s mission would center on turning everyone in the Empire Catholic. The Emperor later hires Wallenstein, a Protestant, to break Protestant resistance. With the Empire leaning towards re-catholicizing, Ferdinand issues the Edict of Restitution, reasserting Catholic safeguards of the Peace of Augsburg, reaffirming the illegality of Calvinism, and ordering the return of all the church lands acquired by the Lutherans. Adolphus of Sweden became the ruler of Protestant forces in the Empire and won a fight a Breitenfeld in 1630, which changed the course of the war. In battle, Wallenstein kills Adolphus and is soon followed by Ferdinand s order to assassinate Wallenstein. “Even allies that owed one another their success were not above treating each other as mortal enemies.” (413) The evil and immorality within the governmental system of the Roman Empire only created an uncontrollable amount of bitterness amongst all of the inhabitants within Europe. By the end of the war in 1644, one third of the German population had died as a direct result of the war.
The Treaty of Westphalia, created in the several years after the end of the war “brought all hostilities within the Holy Roman Empire to an end.” (413) The Edict of Restitution was declared unlawful. This act was greatly supported and appreciated by the non-Catholic residents of the Empire. Also, as a result of the Treaty, Calvinists were given legal recognition and Protestantism s legal status was broadened, bringing religious toleration to all of Europe. All of the political entities in Germany were recognized officially and legally given sovereignty. None of these resolutions would have come about had the people not recognized the urgency of the problems that were being created within the Empire. The only way for this realization to have occurred was to break out in an international war. The pride that people felt in their religion and in their nation or state caused a great deal of hatred for the opposers of their beliefs. The Holy Roman Emperor, seeing his power and control, immediately took advantage of this by attempting to convert all of his people to believing his own beliefs. For the last four hundred years, much of Europe has remained as it had been divided in the Treaty of Westphalia, a direct result of the war. Had the war not have occurred, Europe would not as successful as today in its economic and political power.
Другие работы по теме:
Khufu Essay Research Paper Around 2610 BC
Khufu Essay, Research Paper Around 2610 B.C., the king of Egypt, Sneferu, had his first son, Khufu. Khufu ruled from 2589-2528 B.C. While he ruled, he decided to build a great
Writing A Poem Essay Research Paper Writing
Writing A Poem Essay, Research Paper Writing a Poem It is beyond reason; there is no motive, no explanation Why it is, I do not know because there is cause, no clarification.
Pyramids 3 Essay Research Paper Pyramids are
Pyramids 3 Essay, Research Paper Pyramids are one of the world s greatest mysteries, which are located in Egypt. There were a lot of theories of how the pyramids were built, but no one was sure. The Greeks came up with the theory, that it took 100, 000 men and 20 years to build the Great Pyramid of Gizeh. That theory was proven wrong because it was believed that it took 5 times that amount of men.
Dad Essay Research Paper DADHe left me
Dad Essay, Research Paper He left me when I was a baby Before I was even born But to think he never tried to find me Makes me shiver through the bone. Wondering year after year
Taking On Responsibility Essay Research Paper Taking
Taking On Responsibility Essay, Research Paper Taking on Responsibility When I was diagnosed with diabetes I had to take on some responsibilities. Lately I had been feeling sick, drinking a lot, and going to the bathroom a lot. So my mom took me to the doctor to see what was wrong. I don?t remember much of it because I was only three years old.
Ivan Iv Essay Research Paper Ivan IV
Ivan Iv Essay, Research Paper Ivan IV: The First TsarIvan the Terrible was only 3 years old when he became the tsar of Russia. Obviously too young to actually rule, his mother Elena and her lover, Ivan Obolensky, ruled the country for him. In 1538, Elena died and Ivan Obolensky killed for the chance to rule the country.
Saxophone Essay Research Paper The Saxophone is
Saxophone Essay, Research Paper The Saxophone is probably one of the most popular instruments to date. there are 13 different types of saxophones, but only four are regularly used. This instrument has a sound all of
Space Program Essay Research Paper Should Money
Space Program Essay, Research Paper Should Money be spent on the Space Program? I think that tax dollars as well as government money should go to the space program. I feel this way because the more we learn about space in general, the more technological advancements we will acquire in the years to come. If you think about everything we have learned as a result of space travel in the past 40 years alone, than just to think of what we could learn in the next 40 years to come.
Hamlet Essay Research Paper ally funny man
Hamlet Essay, Research Paper ally funny man. Hamlet: why are you throwing up another skull. It could be a skull of a lawyer. So who grave is this man. Clown: It?s all mine.
Cloning Essay Research Paper A couple that
Cloning Essay, Research Paper A couple that had been married for only two years was in a terrible car accident. The husband, however, was unconscious when the paramedics arrived. He went into a coma shortly after arriving at the nearby hospital. He came out of the coma but never was the same again. It turns out that when he was in the accident, he had severe head trauma, and would be a vegetable the rest of his life.
Space Report Essay Research Paper Space and
Space Report Essay, Research Paper Space and the technology to study space have improved rapidly over the years. Space travel also is a big deal in the way we get our sources for galaxies and nebulas. The Hubble Space Telescope has been the best way to get our information for everything from millions of light years away from Earth.
Cukoo Essay Research Paper McMurphyMcMurphy 35 years
Cukoo Essay, Research Paper McMurphy McMurphy, 35 years old, plays the role of a mental patient. He was brought into the ward because he pretended to be crazy and everybody believed him. McMurphy was arrested for assault (fighting in bars), drunkenness, disturbing the peace, repeated gambling, and statutory rape.
Psycology Essay Research Paper PsycologyThe only way
Psycology Essay, Research Paper Psycology The only way to fully understand the psycology of another is throught the talking of the pateint. In resent years only a few things have been learned about this science. There have also been many PSUEDO sciences (false sciences) and therys of how to cure many people.
Leaving You Essay Research Paper i must
Leaving You Essay, Research Paper i must leave you for a short while please do not grieve and shed wild tears and hug your sorrows to you through the years but start out bravely with a gallant
Sea Lion Essay Research Paper The Sea
Sea Lion Essay, Research Paper The Sea Lion is found in the West Coast of North America and the Galapagos Islands. The name of the sea lion is the California Sea Lion or the Zaluphus Californianus. The phylum is the
Memory Essay Research Paper As we all
Memory Essay, Research Paper As we all grow up and mature, we come to wonder how we have come to being the person we are today. This path of life was not predetermined rather created
The Swing Essay Research Paper every summer
The Swing Essay, Research Paper every summer i go to my grandpa’s house it was when i was six years old that we first took the walk across the old bridge that bridge was a special bridge
Time Travel Essay Research Paper The Twins
Time Travel Essay, Research Paper The Twins Paradox uses Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity to explain that time travel is possible. Let’s say two twins are on Earth. They are both twenty years old. One leaves in a spaceship. She is gone for sixty years. When she returns the twin that remained on Earth is eighty years old, she on the other hand appears to be about thirty.
Secrets Of Life Essay Research Paper There
Secrets Of Life Essay, Research Paper There is one part of my life that no one knows about. This secret has caused me to act in ways I thought I wasn’t capable of doing. For the past five years, I
Clinical Psychology Essay Research Paper Career In
Clinical Psychology Essay, Research Paper Career In Clinical Psychology A clinical psychologist is a psychologist with a more extensive background in psychology and puts more emphasis on experimental psychological research. A clinical psychologist is more likely to work in health care setting with patients with more severe disorders.
Std Presentation Essay Research Paper STD PresentationI
Std Presentation Essay, Research Paper STD Presentation I was impressed about how well the subject of STD’s was presented to us, because it actually had a positive effect on me. It made me realize that I need to be extra careful, especially here at college because of the high STD rates. I didn’t know how common Aids has become over the past few years, the nationwide figure is 1 in 500 people are infected which seems like a lot.
Our 12 Year Hell Essay Research Paper
12 long years we go through this Hell, The Man just takes us down. Then we have 4 more years, and The Man just takes us down. We slave over over our desks day after day,
And They Obey Essay Research Paper I
And They Obey Essay, Research Paper I chose the poem “And They Obey” by Carl Sandburg. The poem is addressing the human dualities that we have. Since thousands of years ago
Hope Essay Research Paper Hope What do
Hope Essay, Research Paper Hope: What do you guys hope for? I hope that the Dodgers win. I hope I do okay on the finals. I hope the teacher doesn^?t catch me. You
Client Essay Research Paper The Client
Client Essay, Research Paper ?The Client? / John Grisham 1. I enjoyed reading this interesting book. It talks about eleven years old Mark Sway and his younger
Poem Essay Research Paper Four Years Ago
Poem Essay, Research Paper Four Years Ago Today Today is the anniversary Of my brothers death Four years ago today God layed him down for eternal rest Four years ago today
The Perfect Villain Essay Research Paper Kavita
The Perfect Villain Essay, Research Paper Kavita Makadia Period 6 January 24, 2000 An Awakening Kate Chopin?s novel The Awakening relates the emotion-driven story of Edna Pontellier. Her story is a happy one. Not because of some typical fairy tale ending where they all live happily ever after, but in that she accomplished her goal in life.