, Research Paper
The twentieth century afforded the opportunity to augment the “spiritual” Walt Whitman eloquently described, in his nineteenth century work “I Hear America Singing,” with the voices of the human collective the world over (from the downtown city dweller to the indigenous natives roaming the wilds). The mechanics, wives, and many different human identities could have sang, “What belongs to him or her and to none else.”
In this century, Humanity s collective accomplishments made it possible for man to destroy the world. Whitman s grand illusion of stability was not realized, and the twentieth century instead imparted upon humanity a reality composed of conflicts and paradoxes. With the ability to shape the world and a facade of control over the collective destiny of the species we bitterly learned what the ancients summed up as fate, things work out as they do because the circumstances of life are as they are, and the people affected and affecting them are as they are. A sort of double-edged sword that both imparts collective and individual responsibility over man and yet admits to what is essentially his inability to mold the world as he like has imposed upon humanity, a permanent state of cognitive dissonance and complete confusion over mans place in the world. Collectively we suffered two world wars, and the great depression. Together mankind became a species of exiled aliens, in regards to language culture and countrymen, with a general awareness that we are not in control of our destinies, and that life may just be the universes cruel little mistake. Revelations such as the one noted above moved human beings to search for order and meaning in their lives through avenues such as communities, tradition, and habit. In a world such as ours, man has no choice but to create meaning through his own means.
Through a terse narrative, the omniscient Dr. Rieux covers the outbreak of bubonic plague in a large French port on the Algerian coast known as the town of Oran. The story imparts its audience with what the existentialist Jean Paul Sartre said confidently, “You are what your behavior demonstrates you to be.” The account chronicles how a community composed of outsiders from far away lands, native folk, those longing loves left behind, and those who would profit monetarily through the suffering of others, is broken down and renewed in the town overcoming by the plague.
Before the plague struck Oran, the town was not a perfect place but the people felt secure in the predictability of their lives. Oran was not paradise; in fact, Dr. Riuex describes the pre-plague town as a quite banal place, a place where “You can get through the days without trouble, once you have formed habits. (Camus, 5).” When something as unforeseen and unpredictable as the plague strikes, man has only his rituals and habits to give meaning to life. Once the plague fully raged, the populace shared the collective destiny of the plague, and felt consumed by an internal emotional “sense of exile (Camus, 167),” and people were comforted only by doing their jobs, which they took comfort in calling simply human decency.
The volunteerism and sense of community the plague imparted upon its victims were what people needed to be able to cope with a tragedy of the plagues magnitude. Spaniard, whom happened to be Riuex s patient, reaffirmed mans banal place in the world while summarizing the towns former sense of distress in a conversation with the Dr., “All those folks are saying: It was plague. We ve had the plague here. You d almost they expected to be given medals for it. But what does that mean- plague ? Just life, no more than that (Camus, 306).”
The Visit, a tragi-comedy written by Friedrich Durrenmatt that had its first dramatic production in Switzerland in 1956, is a caustic denunciation of the treachery of justice that we have come to use as a standard for how far man has come as species. Through a plot riddled with greed and a fa ade of order Durrenmattt demonstrated how the richest woman in the world could buy justice on her own terms, and how people would rationalize her want for revenge and their own outright greed for the prospects of a more comfortable life. The Guellner s (towns people), are offered what can be thought of as one billion dollars to murder a man, named Alfred, whom is branded to be their next mayor for a crime he committed in his youth. Never mind the irony that because he paid vagrants to lie and brand Claire Zachanassian (then known as Clara) a woman who knew her way around the bedroom he inadvertently setup the chain of events that permitted Zachanassian the opportunity to acquire all her riches.
At first the town s people publicly deny her, what she wishes, and the current mayor hypocritically says, “Justice can not be bought (Durrenmatt, 36). ” The town acquires monstrous debts on the assumption that things will work out for them. They believe Alfred Ill will die because that is just the way things should be, and good things should happen to them because they (the Guellner s) are “good people.” The town digs a hole so deep that it can only be filled with the death of Ill. Fortunately, for the town Ill has learned from his life and the tragic mistake of his youth and takes responsibility for his action because of a blind faith he shares in the laws of his land quite similar to the tacit agreement outlined by Plato in The Crito when he too faced a community searching for a sacrificial lamb.
Ill realizes that the Guellener s are not evil and that they like he must find meaning in their own lives. Although his execution will be a mistake, he understands the fatality inherent in life and bears the burden of a town for the prospects of a better life for the people whom he had the privilege of calling countrymen. He allows them to ascribe “right” to expediency, and sacrifices his own life so that they can move past the ugliness of their current greed and simply continue with the cruel unpredictable game that is life.
Seize the day, written by Saul Bellow in 1956 whom also a received the Nobel Prize for Literature, captures mans displacement in the twentieth century. In the course of a day of the protagonist of the novel, New York native Wilhelm Adler, stands by and watches his world unravel while he is helpless to affect the type of change he feels is necessary for his survival. This account seamlessly exposes a neurosis man has acquired as a direct result of his powerless yet unmatched position on the face of the earth.
A smart fellow, with the ability to analyze himself and others Adler is paralyzed by the duty he feels to his children and wanting to please his father, while realizing that his circumstances are merely those of life and he really should not require the assistance he believes he so desperately needs. An unwise business deal with a man whom he is sure is less than truthful leaves Adler out in the cold and stumbling hysterically crying into a stranger s funeral at the end of the day he so futilely tried to seize.
In all three examples great things that he has been able to control surround man. It is simply up to him to recognize his limits and move on. The world post bomb, as is the case with all three works, gave man new hope through exposing his limits and revealing the tricks he must utilize to survive in a world that cares not about his survival.
Другие работы по теме:
The Cocktail Party TSEliot Essay Research Paper
Eliot is considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. His works have been admired greatly. In his play “The Cocktail Party”, Eliot’s focus of attention is on what he calls ‘the malady of the 20th century people’.He explores the various aspects of people’s lives concentrating on their frivolity & pettiness in particular.He also explores 2 kinds of love that are not necessarily better than the other but are equally important to society ; that of romantic love & supernatural love.
How Has Film Influenced Lifestyles And Human
Behavior In The 20Th Century Essay, Research Paper How Has Film Influenced Lifestyles and Human Behavior in the 20th Century? During the 20th century, film has been a powerful media in which to influence people’s lifestyles and human behavior. Film is for people who do not enjoy reading or other more stimulating leisure and want to be entertained or escape from everyday life.
Church And State Essay Research Paper The
Church And State Essay, Research Paper The issue of church and state has become more important in the 20th century. There are many reasons for this, because in this century people are becoming more outspoken then in earlier centuries. People are now willing to stand up for their beliefs and views, as in the past people weren?t brave enough to stand up and speak up on how they felt.
Rennaisance Vs Rap Essay Research Paper Renaissance
Rennaisance Vs. Rap Essay, Research Paper Renaissance vs. Rap Everything is relative. In the latter part of the 15th century, there began a cultural revolution known as the Renaissance. This artistic rebirth changed the way people lived and thought for the next century and a half. In the last decades of the 20th century, a new voice in music has arisen.
Paris Noir Essay Research Paper Paris NoirOne
Paris Noir Essay, Research Paper Paris Noir One of America’s great dark periods of the 20th Century was the treatment of African Americans that lasted well after they had been freed. In a country that celebrated its freedom, its government of the people and by the people, a good number of its people remained enslaved by injustice.
Pediatrics Essay Research Paper Pediatrics branch of
Pediatrics Essay, Research Paper Pediatrics, branch of medicine, that comprises the care and treatment of the diseases of childhood and the study of normal growth. Pediatrics became a specialty in the 20th century. In the 1980s some pediatricians began a subspecialty called adolescent medicine, which deals with the special medical and emotional needs of persons between the ages of approximately 12 and 20 years.
20THCENTURY CAPITALISM Essay Research Paper 20THCENTURY CAPITALISM
20TH-CENTURY CAPITALISM Essay, Research Paper 20TH-CENTURY CAPITALISM For most of the 20th century capitalism has been buffeted by wars, revolution, and depression. World War I brought revolution and a Marxist-based communism to Russia. The war also spawned the Nazi system in Germany, a malevolent mixture of capitalism and state socialism, brought together in a regime whose violence and expansionism eventually pushed the world into another major conflict.
644 Essay Research Paper What Does Genocide
644 Essay, Research Paper What Does Genocide Mean? The era of mass murder might be given as a name for the 20th century. Never in the history of the world have so many millions of people been deliberately killed since 1900. These millions weren’t all because of war. They were victims of genocide: the deliberate killings of racial, religious, ethnic, or political groups.
Nuclear Medicine Essay Research Paper Nuclear MedicineThere
Nuclear Medicine Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Medicine There are many things to be said about Nuclear Medicine. During the 20th century the world has seen many changes in medicine. One of the most ingenious creations of the century in the health field is Nuclear Medicine and Radiology. It is easily argued that modern medicine is the greatest accomplishment in human history1.
Picasso Essay Research Paper PABLO PICASSO
Picasso Essay, Research Paper PABLO PICASSO “I have never painted anything but my time”. A quote once said by one of the most famous painter of the 20th century. Picasso was a famous Spanish painter, and sculpter considered to be one of the most creative and best artist ever. He was unique as an inventor of forms, as a creater of styles and techniques, and as one of the most productive artists in history.
Picasso
’s Guernica Essay, Research Paper GUERNICA Considered to be one of the most influential artist of the 20th century, Pablo Picasso, transformed the way artists see the world through his exploration of forms in Cubism. One of Picasso s most prolific works, “Guernica”, intensely combines rich visual imagery as well as powerful symbolism to successfully convey the plight of war in a universal manner and could also be considered as one of the most important paintings in the 20th century.
H G Wells Essay Research Paper H
H G Wells Essay, Research Paper H G WellsHerbert George Wells English author and political philosopher, most famous for his science-fantasy novels with their prophetic depictions of the triumphs of technology as well as the horrors of 20th-century warfare. Wells was born September 21, 1866, in Bromley, Kent, and educated at the Normal School of Science in London, to which he won a scholarship.
The Strange Case Of Dr Jekyll Essay
, Research Paper The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Some of the most horrible crimes in the 20th century, mostly ones that deal with one or mutable killings, were committed by people that were mentally unstable or unable to think or act reasonable unlike the rest of the people in the world. In other words, these people were considered insane.
Dress Code Essay Research Paper At the
Dress Code Essay, Research Paper At the beginning of the 20th century there wasn’t much discussion about the dress code in schools. During that time kids weren’t dressing so provocative. Now that we are so close to the 21st century. There is a big controversy between the students and the schools about the dress code especially in public schools.
The Old Vs The New Romeo And
Juliet Movies Essay, Research Paper Out with the Old and in With the New The success of both the traditional and modern movie versions of Shakespeare s Romeo and Juliet are dictated by their settings. The traditional version of this legendary love story was filmed in 1968 and is set in the 1600 s, placing the characters in the time period from which the story was derived.
Dark Hart Essay Research Paper Dark HartDark
Dark Hart Essay, Research Paper Dark Hart Dark Hart is a fantasy story. It happens in Chicago in the late 20th century. The main characters of the story are Justinian and Lt. Sandra McCormick. Justinian or Justin as he is called has a long past. He was born in England in the fourteenth century, he was a lord then.
Pablo Picasso Essay Research Paper No artist
Pablo Picasso Essay, Research Paper No artist has dominated the 20th century in the way Pablo Picasso has. This extraordinarily gifted Spanish artist, working most of his life in France, produced a voluminous body of work in a variety of styles that influenced nearly every major trend of the first half of this century.
Albert Einsteins Life Essay Research Paper A
Albert Einsteins Life Essay, Research Paper A German-born American physicist and Nobel laureate, best known as the creator of the special and general theories of relativity and for his hypothesis with the particle nature of light . He is said, to be the most well known scientist of the 20th century.
Untitled Essay Research Paper H G WellsHerbert
Untitled Essay, Research Paper H G WellsHerbert George Wells English author and political philosopher, mostfamous for his science-fantasy novels with their prophetic depictions ofthe triumphs of technology as well as the horrors of 20th-century warfare.Wells was born September 21, 1866, in Bromley, Kent, and educated at theNormal School of Science in London, to which he won a scholarship.
Government And Morality In 20Th Century America
Essay, Research Paper Government and Morality in 20th Century America On July 4, 1776, a general congress of the English colonies of the Americas assembled in Philadelphia and combined their experience, education, and frustration to compose the Declaration of Independence. This document, which even today tells the story of how our country was started, speaks of the religious and moral persecution that our forefathers were forced to bear for years upon years.
Sun YatSen Essay Research Paper Sun YatSen
Sun Yat-Sen Essay, Research Paper Sun Yat-Sen helped the growth of Nationalism during the early 20th century. After experiencing and studying in Hawaii, he got a taste of what the western world was like. Sun wanted to help westernize China to keep up with the world s technology and economy. His goal was to nationalize China.
Romanticsm Essay Research Paper Romanticism in the
Romanticsm Essay, Research Paper Romanticism in the aspect of Nature Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century. It was limited to Europe and America although different compatriots donated to its birth and popularity. Romanticism as a movement declined in the late 19th century and early 20th century with the growing dominance of Realism in the arts and the rapid advancement of science and technology.
Comparison Between A Pre20th Century Text
& A 20th Century Text Essay, Research Paper For this Essay I have to compare a pre 20th century text with a 20th century text. Both the texts must be short stories. The two pieces of text that I have chosen for this comparison are The
Great Gatsby 5 Essay Research Paper Fitzgerald
Great Gatsby 5 Essay, Research Paper Fitzgerald s Masterpiece F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby is an enchanting novel, which tells an exquisite story through various techniques characteristic of a gifted author. The story has elements of deceit, high hopes, fallen dreams, and false intentions which make it thrilling to read.
Modern Man
– The Unknown Citizen (Auden) Essay, Research Paper The English-born American writer Wystan Hugh Auden was one of the most important poets of the 20th century. Educated at Oxford, he attracted attention as a prominent member of a group of young leftist writers who generally expressed a socialist viewpoint.
Russia Essay Research Paper RussiaIn the 20th
Russia Essay, Research Paper Russia In the 20th century there have been many artistic movements that define the way we view art. In 1961 there was not a defining movement, but a transition to a contemporary style that would set the pace for the rest of the century. Many painters wanted to follow the form of avant-garde that took place nearly thirty years earlier.
Baseball Essay Research Paper Robinson Jackiefirst black
Baseball Essay, Research Paper Robinson, Jackie first black baseball player in the U.S. major leagues during the 20th century, an infielder and outfielder for the Brooklyn Dodgers of the National League from 1947 through 1956.