Marc Chagall (french) Essay, Research Paper
Marc Chagall naоt en Russie, а Vitebsk, en 1887, dans une modeste famille juive. Il reзoit sa premiиre formation artistique а Saint-Petersbourg. De 1910 а 1913, il sйjourne а Paris, а Montparnasse, oщ vivent aussi Modigliani, Soutine, Lйger et Lipchitz. Il devient l’ami du poиte Blaise Cendrars. En 1911, il expose au Salon des Indйpendants, а Paris, et en 1914 а Berlin, oщ il est remarquй par les expressionnistes allemands.
La guerre le ramиne dans sa Russie natale; il y йpouse Bella. En 1917, il devient commissaire des Beaux-Arts et fonde l’Acadйmie de Vitebsk а laquelle il demande а des artistes comme Lissitsky et Malevitch de participer.
Ce n’est donc pas un inconnu qui revient а Paris en 1923. Accompagnй de sa femme, Bella, et de sa fille, Ida, Marc Chagall a dйjа un nom dans la peinture et plusieurs amis dans la ville qu’il retrouve: Sonia et Robert Delaunay, Blaise Cendrars et Soutine, notamment. C’est dans cet entourage amical, aprиs les dйsillusions de la rйvolution russe, que Chagall se remet а peindre: de 1923 а 1927, il renoue avec son passй en exйcutant de nouvelles versions d’oeuvres laissйes а Paris avant la guerre et qu’il croyait perdues, comme Le Marchand de bestiaux, 1922-1923 (musйe de Grenoble.)
L’йpanouissement familial lui inspire des portraits de ses proches, et notamment de Bella, la femme aimйe: Bella а l’oeillet, 1925, Bella et Ida а Peyra-Cava, 1931, Bella au bйret blanc et Befla dans le jardin, 1936, (col. part.). Avec l’Autoportrait au sourire et l’Autoportrait а la grimace des annйes 1924-1925 (Bibliothиque nationale de France, Paris), oщ il se reprйsente joyeux et lйger, il retrouve un genre qu’il pratiquera toute sa vie.
Chagall avait dйcouvert la technique de la gravure en 1923, а Berlin, oщ il avait illustrй la version allemande de son autobiographie Ma Vie, pour l’йditeur Cassirer. A Paris, Blaise Cendrars prйsente Chagall а Ambroise Vollard, pour lequel Cйzanne, Renoir, Toulouse-Lautrec, Bonnard, Picasso et Braque ont illustrй des oeuvres littйraires. Il propose а Chagall d’illustrer Les Ames mortes de Gogol. Entre 1924 et 1925, Chagall rйalise 118 eaux-fortes retrouvant dans le texte de Gogol son propre univers pictural. Vollard lui confie ensuite l’illustration des Fables de La Fontaine, puis de la Bible, mais il meurt en 1939, avant la publication de ces ouvrages.
L’aisance matйrielle qui caractйrise ces annйes parisiennes, due notamment aux revenus rйguliers qu’assurent les gravures, permet а Chagall d’entreprendre une sйrie de voyages en France. Il visite successivement la Bretagne, L’Auvergne, le Sud-Ouest et en particulier Cйret, prиs de Perpignan, oщ Picasso avait sйjournй, la Cфte d’Azur et la Savoie, oщ il retournera tous les hivers jusqu’а la seconde guerre mondiale. De nombreuses petites gouaches colorйes йvoquent ces voyages. En 1931, il visite la Palestine, la Syrie et l’Egypte. Mais Paris est dйsormais sa ville d’adoption, dont il peint la tour emblйmatique а plusieurs reprises: La Tour Eiffel, 1926 (col. part.), Les Mariйs de la Tour Eiffel, 1938-1939 (musйe national d’Art moderne, centre Georges Pompidou, Pans). Avec Bella, il frйquente dйsormais les cercles artistiques et littйraires et participe aux dйbats que suscitent le surrйalisme, la question de la foi et celle de l’engagement politique.
Il prend part aux "dimanches" chez les Delaunay, oщ il rencontre Breton, Soupault, Joseph Delteil. Il se lie, par l’intermйdiaire de Vollard, avec Rouault, Bonnard, Vlaminck et Maillol, fait la connaissance de Picasso grвce а l’йditeur Christian Zervos. Ces rencontres sont souvent а l’origine d’illustrafions de livres rйalisйes par Chagall: Les Feules libres de Philippe Soupault, Darius Milhaud et Marcel Arland en 1924, Poиmes d’amour puis Dix mille aubes d’lvan et Claire Goll en 1925, Suite provinciale de Gustave Coquiot en 1927, Pierres blanches de Pierre Reverdy en 1930.
A l’exposition internationale de 1937, les oeuvres de Chagall remportent un large succиs qui marque pour l’artiste l’aboutissement de cette pйriode heureuse. Les terribles menaces qui pиsent sur l?Europe se font dйjа sentir dans les derniиres ?uvres parisiennes du peintre: Etude pour Rйvolution, 1937; Crucifixion blanche, 1938, dont plusieurs йtudes peu connues sont prйsentйes.
En 1939, Marc Chagall se rйfugie а Saint-Diй-sur-Loire. Peu aprиs il s?exilera aux Etats-Unis.
Bibliographie
Dewitt, Eugene., A., Marc Chagall, Microsoft Encarta (1997)
[CD ROM]. Richmond, Washington
Janson, Dora Janson, H.W., The Story of Painting, New York, New York, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers, 164pp.
Lassaigne, Jacques, L?Histoire de l?Art: L?Expressionisme, Paris, Йditions Rencontre Lausanne, 1966, 207pp.
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