REFERAAT
JULIUS KUPERJANOV
Lьhem elukдik kuni Vabadussхjani
Julius Kuperjanov sьndis 11. oktoobril 1894. aastal Venemaal Ljohovos.
Tema esivanemad olid Venemaale pхgenenud mхisniku omavoli eest. Kuna Venemaal vaevas Kuperjanoveid suur koduigatsus, samuti oli oht venestuda, siis 1904. aastal tuli perekond Eestisse tagasi.
Haridusteed alustas Kuperjanov Sipe ministeeriumikoolis, milles antav haridus vastas ligilдhedaselt meie meie kihelkonnakoolile. Julius oli vдga teadmishimuline poiss. Eriti paelusid teda ajalugu ja maateadus, samuti meeldis talle vдga lugeda. Lхpetanud viieteistaastaselt Sipe ministeeriumikooli, olid tema tunnistusel 9 nelja ja 1 viis. Hoolimata vanemate vastuseisust astus ta 16- aastaselt Tartu kooliхpetajate seminari.
Sel ajal, kui Kuperjanov хppis seminaris, valitses kogu riigis tugev venestamispoliitika. Hoolimata хppeasutuse rangest korrast lugesid Kuperjanov ja ta koolikaaslased salaja eestikeelseid ajalehti.
Peale seminari lхpetamist asus ta tццle хpetajana Kambja kihelkonnakoolis. Хpilased pidasid temast vдga lugu.
Paraku ei saanud ta хpetajaametis olla kuigi kaua, sest 1915. aasta veebruaris kutsuti ta sхjavдeteenistusse.
Pataljoni loomine
Olukord Vabadussхjas oli 1918. aasta lхpus vдga kriitiline. Situatsiooni tхsidust nдitas see, et Punavдgede kдes oli 2/3 Eesti territooriumist. Et pддsta, mis pддsta annab, oldi valmis meeleheitlikeks sammudeks.
Ьheks selliseks oli Julius Kuperjanovi partisanide pataljoni loomine. Idee sellise pataljoni loomiseks ol Kuperjanovil juba ammu. Loa tolle ьksuse moodustamiseks sai Kuperjanov tolleaegselt diviisi ьlemalt Limbergilt.
Pataljoni kokkukutsumiseks tuli valida selline koht, mis poleks veel vххrvдgede kontrolli all. Kuna rindejoon kulges vahetult Puurmanist idas ja see koht oli Tartule kьllaltki lдhedal, valiti vдeьksuse loomiskohaks Puurmani mхis.
Olles saatnud Puurmani ьmbruskonda laiali mobiliseerimiskдsud, hakkas Kuperjanov siin moodustama partisanide vдesalka. Kui levis kuuldus, et Kuperjanov Puurmanis vхitlussalka formeerib, hakkasid siia kogunema kaitseliitlased kхikjalt Tartumaalt. Palju tдienes pataljoni koosseis vabatahtlike arvel, kelle hulgas oli palju koolipoisse. Kuna lossi kogunes ьle mitmesaja mehe, siis jagati kokkutulnud nelja roodu ning vдeosast moodustus ьksikpataljon. Pataljoni juhiks sai J. Kuperjanov; 1. roodu ьlemaks sai lipnik R. Riives; 2. – leitnant E. Saar; 3. – alamkapten R. Kuslap; 4- leitnant J. Unt. Varuroodu ьlemaks ja ka Puurmani komandandiks mддras Kuperjanov leitnant J. Soodla. Asutati ka ratsakomando, mida juhtis alamkapten K. Tiimann.
Suurim probleem pataljoni moodustamisel oli relvade puudus. Algul koosnes ьksuse relvastus vaid kahest automaatpьssist. Varustuse ja moona kandsid kokku mehed ise ja ьmberkaudsed inimesed. Otsiti vдlja relvad, mis olid peidetud revolutsioonipдevil. Need olid aga tihti roostes vхi ьldse kхlbmatud.
Samuti oli vдga kirju ka salga riietus. Tihti vхis jддda mulje, et tegu pole mitte sхjameeste, vaid laagrisse asunud mustlastega. Paljud olid tulnud erariietuses. Juhtus sedagi, et sхtta tuldi pulmariietuses: jalas viigipьksid, kaelas krae ja kaelaside. Nii mхnigi tuli isamaad kaitsma pasteldes, lootes, et ehk Eesti kroonu annab saapad jalga.
Et seda kirevat meeskonda vдhegi ьhtlustada, mхtles Kuperjanov vдlja partisanide eraldusmдrgi. See kujutas endast valgeддrelist musta vappi surnupealuu ja sддrekontidega. Seda mдrki kanti vasakul varrukal. Mьtsi ette kinnitati pealuumдrk, хlakud olid mustad. Surnupealuu ja sддrekontidega mдrk oli ьhtluse ja lahutamatuse sьmboliks neile, kes selle kord varrukale olid asetanud. See vдlismдrk kohustas kohustas kхiki vхitlusele ja ohverdama isamaa kaitseks kхik isiklikud hьved ja elu.
Kuna Kuperjanov tundis erilist huvi just partisanisхja vastu, siis ristis ta loodud vдeosa partisanide pataljoniks ja alustas vastavalt salga nimele armutut sissisхda vaenlasega. Nдitena vхib tuua juhumi Kudinas. Nimelt sai Kuperjanov teate, et punaste kдsilane Pдrn oli koostanud pika nimekirja meestest, kes tuli maha lasta. Ta tegutses vдga kiiresti ja sхitis ruttu 30 km kaugusele Kudinasse. Kohale jхudes pддstis ta talumehed ja ajas punaste plaani nurja.
Suureks abiks Kuperjanovile tema tegevuses oli naine Alice. Nдiteks tegi Alice ettepaneku vхtta luuresalkade tarvis kasutusele valged mantlid. Neis mantlites oli luurajatel hхlpsam vaenlasele mдrkamatult vхimalikult lдhedale hiilida. Olgu цeldud, et need mantlid хmbles Alice ise. Just tдnu sellele riietusele хnnestusid kuperjanovlastel mitmed vaenlase vastu suunatud rьnnakud.
Vхitlus Tartu eest
Pataljoni loomisega soovis Kuperjanov kaasa aidata vaenlase kodumaalt vдljatхrjumisele. Puurmanile lдhim vaenlase poolt hхivatud strateegiliselt tдhtis punkt oli Tartu. Seetхttu oligi esimeseks suuremaks operatsiooniks peale pataljoni moodustamist vхitlus Tartu eest.
Oma positsioonide kindlustamiseks enne Tartu vallutamist alustas Kuperjanov partisanisхda Tartu ьmbruses. Tundes Tartus asetsevate punavдgede nхrku kьlgi, tekkis Kuperjanovil hulljulge plaan vallutada Tartu ainuьksi oma jхududega. Samal ajal sai ta teada soomusrongide edasitungist Jхgeva peale. Nььd otsustas ta дra oodata soomusrongid, et siis ьhendatud jхududega minna vхitlema Tartu eest.
13. jaanuaril 1919 sai Kuperjanov Palamusel kokku soomusrongide ьldjuhi kapten Partsiga. Sellest pдevast algas partisanide ja soomusrongide koostцц, mis kestis kuni Vabadussхja lхpuni.
Vallutanud Kaarepere ja Voldi raudteejaamad, jхuti jдrjest lдhemale Tartule. Viimane linnaesine vхitlus peeti Tдhtvere mхisas. Punased koos lдti kьttidega osutasid kьllalt visa vastupanu, ent eesti mehed olid arvulises ьlekaalus, samuti innustasid mehi teated punavдgede terrorist. Lьhikese ajaga oli kogu Tartu Eesti vдgede kдes. Ometi ei lubanud saavutatud vхit loorberitel puhata. Reola poolt toodi teade, et vaenlane valmistub uueks sissetungiks Tartu.
Olukord muutus vдga pinevaks. Ei olnud teada, kas mхnisada soomusronglast ja partisani suudavad vastu astuda vaenlasele, kes saab pidevalt juurde abivдgesid. Jдrgnevalt loodi sidemed ьlemjuhatajaga, kellel paluti kiirelt saata abivдgesid.
Jдrgnes vдga pingeline цц Tartus, sest kardeti uut enamlaste sissetungi. Ometigi laabus kхik хnnelikult: vaenlasepoolset rьnnakut ei jдrgnenud ning jдrgmisel pдeval saabus Tallinnast kohale kaitsepataljon.
Kuperjanovi surm
Pataljoni moodustamisest oli mццdas vaevalt ьle kuu, kui 30.-31. jaanuaril 1919. aastal toimus verine lahing Paju mхisa juures. Lahingu kдik oli vдga raske, kuna enamus ohvitseridest langes. Kхige rдngemaks hoobiks meie vхitlejatele oli see, et 31. jaanuari pдrastlхunal sai surmavalt haavata J. Kuperjanov. Vдga halbade transporditingimuste tхttu ei pддsenud Kuperjanov enne Tartusse kui alles 1. veebruari ццl. Paraku oli siis juba lootusetult hilja. Vaevelnud pikki tunde piinavates valudes suri leitnant Julius Kuperjanov 2. veebruaril 1919.
Kasutatud kirjandus:
August Hanko “Leitnant Julius Kuperjanov”
Eduard Grosschmidt “Pealuu mдrgi all”
“Eesti Vabadussхda” I kцide
Autor: Ilja Pavelkovich 14.05.2000
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