План
Введение
1 Операция
2 Символичность
Список литературы
Введение
Операция «Порывистый ветер» (Операция «Частый ветер» англ. Frequent Wind) — операция по эвакуации американских граждан из Сайгона в 1975 году во время войны во Вьетнаме.
1. Операция
К концу апреля 1975 года США уже два года как не принимали непосредственного участия во Вьетнамской войне. Начавшееся в марте Весеннее наступление северовьетнамских сил оказалось успешным, и было ясно, что Южному Вьетнаму остаётся существовать считанные дни. В связи с приближением северовьетнамских дивизий к Сайгону в середине дня 29 апреля началась заранее спланированная операция по эвакуации остающихся в стране американских граждан (в основном дипломатического персонала). Операция осуществлялась силами Корпуса морской пехоты, задействовавшего вертолёты CH-46 и CH-53 для перевозки эвакуируемых на корабли 7-го флота США у берегов Южного Вьетнама. Помимо американских граждан, эвакуировались и вьетнамские беженцы, желавшие покинуть страну в страхе перед приходом коммунистов к власти. Вскоре, однако, стало ясно, что эвакуировать всех беженцев в Сайгоне не представляется возможным — на кораблях просто не было места для такого количества людей.
Операция завершилась утром 30 апреля, за несколько часов до того, как Сайгон перешёл под контроль северовьетнамской армии[1]. «Воздушный мост» не встретил никакого противодействия со стороны северовьетнамцев. По небоевым причинам был потерян один вертолёт (два члена экипажа погибли). В общей сложности на корабли 7-го флота было эвакуировано 1737 граждан США и 5595 граждан других стран (в основном вьетнамцев).
2. Символичность
Несмотря на успех операции «Частый ветер», в США она была воспринята и до сих пор вспоминается с горечью, как печальный итог непопулярной войны. Символом поражения США во Вьетнаме считаются телевизионные кадры, на которых приземляющиеся на корабли вертолёты с беженцами после разгрузки сталкиваются в воду, чтобы освободить место для других вертолётов. Всемирную известность получила фотография корреспондента Хуберта Ван Эса, на которой, как предполагалось, запечатлена сцена подъёма американского персонала на борт вертолёта на крыше посольства США в Сайгоне. Лишь накануне 25-й годовщины операции «Частый ветер» стало известно, что вертолёт в действительности стоял на крыше не посольства, а резиденции Агентства по международному развитию, а поднимались на него не американцы, а вьетнамцы[2].
В советских и некоторых современных российских публикациях драматические телевизионные кадры эвакуации Сайгона иногда служат документальной основой для утверждений о бегстве американцев из Вьетнама[3][4]. В действительности такой вывод не подкрепляется фактами, если иметь в виду общее отступление Америки из Индокитая. Вывод армии США из Южного Вьетнама начался в 1969 году и планово завершился в 1973 году в соответствии с Парижским соглашением о прекращении огня и восстановлении мира во Вьетнаме. К 1975 году в стране оставался только дипломатический и разведывательный персонал, а также небольшое число морских пехотинцев, задействованных в охране посольства. Операция «Частый ветер» была одной из стандартных операций, предпринимаемых многими странами мира для быстрой эвакуации своих граждан из «горячих точек». Единственным элементом хаоса в ней была давка, устроенная вьетнамскими беженцами в отчаянной попытке попасть на борт вертолётов.
Список литературы:
Эта дата считается днём окончания войны во Вьетнаме.
Vietnam Final Escape and Hugh Van Es Obituary
battles.h1/tonkin_zaliv.shtml
CHECHNYA.KM.RU: Интернет-проект Радио «Голос России» и KM
Источник: ru./wiki/Операция_«Frequent_Wind»
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