Quantification of osteocyte lacunar density and anisotropy of vascular canals in compact bone
-Introduction, bone structure, remodelation, osteoporosis,
Remodelling of Haversian bone may result in both spatial and temporal variability of osteocyte lacunar density and arrangement of vascular canals.
-Parameters and methods in bone histomorphometry, tetracycline labeling, disector
The most commonly used histomorphometric parameters:
[1]
1- Structural parameters
Measures that describe the biopsy specimen
-Core width (mm)
C.Wi Overall size of the biopsy specimen, refers to the width of the entire biopsy specimen or core. It is the distance between the inner and outer periosteal surfaces
-Cortical width (μm)
Ct.Wi Distance between periosteal and endocortical surfaces, he sum of the widths of inner and outer cortices of the biopsy specimen.
-Bone volume / tissue volume (%)
BV/TVSpace taken up by mineralized and unmineralized bone relative to the total size of a bone compartmen, is cancellous bone volume as a percentage of tissue volume. The numerator includes matrix, whether mineralized or not, and the denominator includes cancellous bone, marrow, and associated soft tissue.
Measures that describe the configuration of trabeculae in space:
Trabecular thickness (μm)
Tb.Th Is the mean distance across
individual trabeculae
Trabecular number (/mm)
Tb.N Number of trabeculae that a line through a trabecular compartment would hit per millimeter of its length, (BV/TV)/Tb.Th
- Trabecular separation
Tb.Sp Is the mean distance between individual trabeculae
2- Static formation parameters
Osteoid thickness (μm)
O.Th Distance between the surface of the osteoid seam and mineralized bone
Osteoid surface / bone surface (%)
OS/BS Percentage of bone surface covered by osteoid
Osteoid volume / bone volume (%)
OV/BV Percentage of bone volume consisting of unmineralized osteoid
Osteoblast surface / bone surface (%)
Ob.S/BS Percentage of bone surface covered by osteoblasts
Wall thickness (μm)
W.Th Mean thickness of bone tissue that has been deposited at a remodeling site, is the mean distance between resting trabecular surfaces and cement lines
3- Dynamic formation parameters
Mineralizing surface / bone surface (%)
MS/BS Percentage of bone surface showing mineralizing activity
Mineral apposition rate (μm/d)
MAR Distance between two tetracycline labels divided by the length of the labeling interval
Mineralization lag time (d)
Mlt Time interval between the deposition and mineralization of matrix
Bone formation rate / bone surface (μm3×μm−2*y−1)
BFR/BS Amount of bone formed per year on a given bone surface
4- Static resorption parameters
Eroded surface / bone surface (%)
ES/BS Percentage of bone surface presenting a scalloped appearance
Osteoclast surface / bone surface (%)
Oc.S/BS Percentage of bone surface covered by osteoclasts
-Aims of the study
The aim of the study was to assess locally specific numerical density of lacunes with a three-dimensional unbiased counting method and to analyze anisotropy of profiles of vascular canals in an embedded section of human tibia.
-
Material and methods
– optical disector
– Delaunay triangulation
- bone biopsy
An undecalcified 150 micrometers thick transversal section was sawed from the diaphysis of tibia of a 70-year-old female, grinded to a 70-80 micrometers thick section, polished, stained with basic fuchsin, and observed with an optical microscope. We quantified numerical density of osteocyte lacunes in compact bone underlying the lateral, medial, and posterior surface. Image frames (n=42) were sampled in an systematic uniform random manner from cortical and medullar layer round the tibial circumference. Each of the layers comprised one half of the local thickness of the bone section. Series of seven optical sections registered with respect to the Z-axis were photographed in each image frame. The unbiased counting rule of optical disector was applied to these series in order to assess the number of osteocyte lacunes per unit volume. Area fraction of the profiles of vascular canals in the bone sections was estimated with the point-counting method. Disector and point-grid counting was performed with the Ellipse software (ViDiTo, Košice, Slovak Republic). The two-dimensional anisotropy of profiles of vascular canals was assessed with the Delaunay triangulation (Qhull software, The Geometry Center, Minneapolis MN, USA). We carried out a 3-D reconstruction of vascular canal and surrounding lacunes in a part of a randomly selected Haversian system (software Amira, Mercury Computer Systems SAS, Merignac Cedex, France).
Results
numerical density of lacunes
– anisotropy of vascular canals
Kruskal Wallis ANOVA did not prove significant differences (p=0.051) in lacunar density among the bone areas underlying the lateral (18088±2150 mm-3,
mean±SD), medial (16655±3772 mm-3
) and posterior surfaces (20222±4109 mm-3
). Lacunar density was higher (p=0.032) in cortical (20356±3725 mm-3
) than in medullar layer (16287±2274 mm-3
). Area fraction of profiles of vascular canals was 10.5%. Delaunay triangulation of centres of gravity revealed considerable anisotropy in arrangement of profiles of vascular canals (n=1194). The 2-D arrangement of vascular canals was approximated by a network of vertices forming isosceles triangles with average basis (perpendicular to the bone surface) of 251±13 micrometers and height (parallel to the bone surface) of 258±24 micrometers.
Osteocyte lacunar density in individual bone areas underlying the lateral, medial and posterior surfaces of tibial shaft. ( mean±SD of 7 disectors) [mm-3] |
layer: |
facies lateralis |
facies medialis |
facies posterior |
cortical |
18958±2409 |
19119±3488 |
22991±4017 |
medulllar |
17218±1566 |
14191±2122 |
17453±1603 |
Discussion
– biological interpretation of quantitative parameters
– časová naročnost
- disektor- obecne v MM jedinná metoda umožnujici 3D
- srovnání/přepočet 2D a 3D, vzorec
-
Conclusion
We suggest the combination of optical disector, stereological point-counting method, and Delaunay triangulation to be a set of complementary methods useful for description of local heterogeneities in lacunar density and arrangement of vascular canals in microstructure of compact bone.
References:
[1] RAUCH F, Watching bone cells at work: what we can see from bone biopsies,Pediatr Nephrol, 21: 457–462, 2006
[2] RAUCH F (2003) Bone histomorphometry. In: Glorieux FH,Pettifor J, Jueppner H (eds) Pediatric bone. Academic, San Diego, CA, pp 359–374
[3]RAUCH F, Travers R, Norman ME, Taylor A, Parfitt AM, Glorieux FH (2002) The bone formation defect in idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis is surface-specific. Bone 31:85–89
[3]GLORIEUX FH, Travers R, Taylor A, Bowen JR, Rauch F, Norman M, Parfitt AM (2000) Normative data for iliac bone histomorphometry in growing children. Bone 26:103–109
[4]PARFITT AM, Drezner MK, Glorieux FH, Kanis JA, Malluche H, Meunier PJ, Ott SM, Recker RR (1987) Bone histomorphometry: standardization of nomenclature, symbols, and units.Report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. J Bone Miner Res 2:595–610
Acknowledgments: Supported by the project MSM0021620819 and by the grant GAAV 100110502.
Другие работы по теме:
Sea Cucumbers Essay Research Paper Sea cucumbers
Sea Cucumbers Essay, Research Paper Sea cucumbers are visual fasinating organisms. To the untrained eye, one may ask wheter the sea cucumber is plant or animal. They are distinguished from the other Echinoderms by the lack of a skeleton that is made up of calcerous plates fixed together. Instead, the soft skin is reinforced with microscopic plates and spicules called ossicles, giving it a leathery texture.
The Bone Structure Essay Research Paper The
The Bone Structure Essay, Research Paper The skeletal system is one of the main parts of our bodies. Without our skeletal systems, we wouldn?t be able to move, stand, or live! Our skeletal system is one of the most important parts of our bodies
Why Do We Yawn Essay Research Paper
Why Do We Yawn? The definition of yawning is to open the mouth involuntarily with a prolonged, deep inhalation of air. Yawning is a normal response to fatigue and drowsiness, but excessive yawning can be caused by a vasovagal reaction and may indicate a heart problem. Normal yawning may be induced to cleanse the brain.
The Ear Essay Research Paper THE EARThe
The Ear Essay, Research Paper THE EAR The Ear is one of the five sense organs. It allows us to hear. Hearing is one of our most important senses. Speech development depends on hearing. Without hearing, our speech would not sound right. Children learn to talk by copying what other people say. Hearing is not a simple process.
Dad Essay Research Paper DADHe left me
Dad Essay, Research Paper He left me when I was a baby Before I was even born But to think he never tried to find me Makes me shiver through the bone. Wondering year after year
Bone Development Essay Research Paper 2a Functions
Bone Development Essay, Research Paper 2a) Functions of: skeleton: To provide support and protection of body parts.It acts as sites for muscle attachment, blood cell production, and calcium and phosphate storage.
Mass Volume And Density Lab Essay Research
Paper Mass, Volume, and Density LabThe purpose of this lab was is to find the mass and volume of an object. Then to find the density of the object using the measurements of the mass and volume.
Nutrition Essay Research Paper Calcium Supplementation and
Nutrition Essay, Research Paper Calcium Supplementation and Increases in Bone Mineral Density in Children Scientists have found that peak bone mass in childhood is a major cause of bone mineral density in adulthood and may decrease the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporotic fractures are those caused by a disease (Osteoporosis) which causes bones to be extremely porous.
Finding The Density Of Air Essay Research
Paper The density of air In this experiment we are to measure the density of air. It is a quite simple experiment, you learn how important it is to measure exact and be aware of the sources of error when measuring such small quantities. The whole idea is that you know the mass of a certain volume of air, and then measure the volume.
Density Of Urine Essay Research Paper The
Density Of Urine Essay, Research Paper The term ‘density’ refers to the proportion of an object’s mass to it’s volume (Grasse, 1996). The ratio between the density of a substance and the density of water is called specific gravity and is used in many diagnostic tests. ONe example is the specific gravity of urine which is normally determined as part of a laboratory evaluation of the health of an individual.
Nutriton And Bone Growth Essay Research Paper
Nutrition and Bone Growth: Anatomy Lab Sec.3 For years soy has been looked at as a breast cancer and heart disease preventer, bone protecter, a lessoner of menopause symptoms and many others. Recent studies now show that we ve been loading up on soy with no real clear evidence of findings that soy does all these things.
Impotency New Therapy Essay Research Paper
Impotency: New Therapy By Tony Gramazio As many as two-thirds of the men with impotency because of physical conditions, vascular disease, stress, trauma, surgery and diabetes, can probably
Hydrostatic Weighing Essay Research Paper During the
Hydrostatic Weighing Essay, Research Paper During the past 68 years many laboratory procedures have been developed to analyze the body in relation to its three major structural components: fat, muscle, and bone. Some of the procedures are time-consuming and require the use of sophisticated, expensive laboratory equipment, while other procedures are fairly simple and inexpensive.
Body Composition Essay Research Paper According to
Body Composition Essay, Research Paper According to Mosbey’s Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, Body Composition is defined as the relative proportions of protein, fat, water, and mineral components in the body. It varies as a result of differences in body density and degree of obesity. Basically body composition describes the percentages of fat, bone, and muscle in a persons body.
Laminitis In Horses Essay Research Paper Laminitis
Laminitis In Horses Essay, Research Paper Laminitis in Horses ABSTRACT: Laminitis is a painful and serious disease that can cause lameness in horses. It is an inflammation of the laminae. The Laminae is tissue that connects coffin bone and the wall of the hoof. Laminitis can occur in any horse, usually obese horses, and ponies.
How To Get CosheCom For A Month
Free Essay, Research Paper Vlad Shvorin FCAs 10/15/01 1. Use of Scientific Terms 2. Use of significant figures. 3. Content The purpose of this lab is to find the difference between pennies made before and after 1982. This lab includes seven steps, they re listed below:
Rule Of Bone By Russel Banks Essay
, Research Paper Rule of Bone by Russel BanksAs any teenager will attest, one s independence is the most important thing in life. Regardless of what you do, you have to be able to do it on your own, without being tied down to anyone else or having to rely on someone for support. This theme, of having total independence, is the most important aspect in Rule of the Bone, by Russell Banks.
Osteoporosis Essay Research Paper OsteoprosisOsteoporosis is a
Osteoporosis Essay, Research Paper Osteoprosis Osteoporosis is a condition of decreased bone mass. This leads to fragile bones which are at an increased risk for fractures. In fact, it will take much less stress to an osteoporotic bone to cause it to fracture. The term “porosis” means spongy, which describes the appearance of osteoporosis bones when they are broken in half and the inside is examined.
Bones Image Essay Research Paper Bones Image
Bones Image Essay, Research Paper Bones Image of Herself One of the most complex and elaborate character in Bastard Out of Carolina by Dorothy Allison is Bone. Through out the story Bone has to live a life where she thinks that she is the leading enigma of the trouble being caused. She has numerous unhappy situations.
Cardiovascular And Weight Training Essay Research Paper
Conditioning Weight Training Cardio-Vascular training is being hailed as one of the best ways to stop heart disease, and weight training has always been considered a great way to improve one’s self, but the great misnomer of each of these is that you can do one without the other. This is just plain wrong; to get the most out of a workout people need to condition as well as strength training.
Magnetic Anisotropy Of Fine Particles Essay Research
Paper “Magnetic Anisotropy Of Fine Particles” In nature, single domain particles are magnetized to saturation, where the magnetization has an easy axis, or several easy axes, along which it prefers to lie. In this case the total internal energy is minimum. Rotation of the magnetization vector away from the easy axis is possible only by applying an external magnetic field.
The Typical Characteristics Of Transition Metals Essay
, Research Paper Thanks to Doc Brown of ChemHelp.Net for these great chemistry revision notes. Check out his site for more! (a) High Melting Point and Boiling Point The bonding between the atoms in transition metals is very strong. The strong
Facts Of Life
: “Existence Is Truth” Essay, Research Paper The Facts of Life “Existence is Truth” Everything we know of is the third dimension, and its properties. Everything is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of smaller particles. All particles are threedimensional because they have the dimension of height, the dimension of width, and the dimension of depth.
Canal Building Before 1840 Essay Research Paper
Canal Building before 1840: Essay Throughout history, there has been a need for better mode of transportation in order to keep up with economical growth. Canals have been around since the Ancient
Atlanta And TriState Compact Essay Research Paper
Tri-state Compact Water is becoming a hard-to-find resource in the southeastern states of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. The Chattahoochee River is one of the usable water supplies for the three states, and it has now become a such a problem as to sharing the water that a compact was reached in 1997. The compact that was signed by President Clinton involving the Chattahoochee River is called the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint Rivers (ACF) Act.
Mayflower Compact Essay Research Paper Mayflower CompactIn
Mayflower Compact Essay, Research Paper Mayflower Compact In the name of God. Amen. We, whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign, Lord King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, etc having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these Presents solemnly and mutually promise in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves into a civil Body Politik for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by Virtue hereof, to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal Laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the Good of
Osteoporosis Essay Research Paper OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is
Osteoporosis Essay, Research Paper Osteoporosis Osteoporosis is a health ailment which causes bones to become so porous that they can break easily. Osteoporosis literally means ‘porous bones’. The bones in our skeleton are made of a thick outer shell and a strong inner mesh filled with collagen [protein], calcium salts and other minerals.
Bones In Space Essay Research Paper Your
Bones In Space Essay, Research Paper ============================================================================== Your Bones in Space ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCE
Why Coral Reefs Need To Be Protected
And Conserved For Future Generations Essay, Research Paper Coral Reefs need to be preserved for many reasons. In this paper I will discuss a few of them. First of all, they houses a collection of diverse organisms, and contribute
Bones In Space Essay Research Paper Bones
Bones In Space Essay, Research Paper Bones in SpaceHypogravitational Osteoporosis: A review of literature.By Lambert Titus Parker. May 19 1987. (GEnie Spaceport)Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by an absolute decrease in theamount of bone present to a level below which it is capable of maintainingthe structural integrity of the skeleton.