Требования к оформлению реферата.
Реферат (от лат. rеfеrо - докладываю, сообщаю) — краткое изложение научной проблемы, результатов научного исследования, содержащихся в одном или нескольких произведениях идей и т. п.
Реферат является научной работой, поскольку содержит в себе элементы научного исследования. В связи с этим к нему должны предъявляться требования по оформлению, как к научной работе. Эти требования регламентируются государственными стандартами, в частности:
ГОСТ 7.32-2001 «Отчет о научно-исследовательской работе. Структура и правила оформления».
ГОСТ 7.1-2003 «Библиографическая запись. Библиографическое описание. Общие требования и правила составления».
ГОСТ 7.80-2000 «Библиографическая запись. Заголовок. Общие требования и правила составления».
ГОСТ 7.82—2001 «Библиографическая запись. Библиографическое описание электронных ресурсов».
Формат
Реферат должен быть выполнен на одной стороне листа белой бумаги формата А4 (210х297 мм) через полтора интервала. Цвет шрифта должен быть черным. Гарнитура шрифта основного текста — «Times New Roman» или аналогичная, кегль (размер) от 12 до 14 пунктов. Размеры полей (не менее): правое — 10 мм, верхнее, нижнее и левое — 20 мм. Формат абзаца: полное выравнивание («по ширине»), отступ — 8–12 мм, одинаковый по всему тексту.
Заголовки разделов и подразделов следует печатать на отдельной строке с прописной буквы без точки в конце, не подчеркивая. Выравнивание по центру или по левому краю. Отбивка: перед заголовком — 12 пунктов, после — 6 пунктов.
Нумерация
Страницы следует нумеровать арабскими цифрами, соблюдая сквозную нумерацию по всему тексту (титульный лист включают в общую нумерацию). Номер страницы проставляют в центре нижней части листа без точки. На титульном листе номер не проставляют.
Титульный лист
В верхней части титульного листа пишется, в какой организации выполняется работа, далее буквами увеличенного кегля указывается тип («Реферат») и тема работы, ниже в правой половине листа — информация, кто выполнил и кто проверяет работу. В центре нижней части титульного листа пишется город и год выполнения.
Библиография
Библиографические ссылки в тексте реферата оформляются в виде номера источника в квадратных скобках.
Библиографическое описание (в списке источников) состоит из следующих элементов:
основного заглавия;
обозначения материала, заключенного в квадратные скобки;
сведений, относящихся к заглавию, отделенных двоеточием;
сведений об ответственности, отделенных наклонной чертой;
при ссылке на статью из сборника или периодического издания — сведений о документе, в котором помещена составная часть, отделенных двумя наклонными чертами с пробелами до и после них;
места издания, отделенного точкой и тире;
имени издателя, отделенного двоеточием;
даты издания, отделенной запятой.
(Примечание. Список элементов библиографической записи сокращен).
Примеры
Книга, имеющая не более трех авторов:
Максимов, Н. В. Архитектура ЭВМ и вычислительных систем [Текст]: учеб. для вузов / Н. В. Максимов, Т. Л. Партыка, И. И. Попов. — М.: Инфра, 2005.
Книга с четырьмя и более авторами, сборник и т. п.:
Мировая художественная культура [Текст]: в 2-х т. / Б. А. Эренгросс [и др.]. — М.: Высшая школа, 2005. — Т. 2.
Статья из сборника:
Цивилизация Запада в 20 веке [Текст] / Н. В. Шишова [и др.] // История и культурология: учеб. пособие для студентов. — М, 2000. — Гл. 13. — С. 347-366.
Статья из журнала:
Мартышин, О. В. Нравственные основы теории государства и права [Текст] / О. В. Мартышин // Государство и право. — 2005. — № 7. — С. 5-12.
Электронное издание:
Сидыганов, Владимир Устинович. Модель Москвы [Электронныи ресурс]: электронная карта Москвы и Подмосковья / Сидыганов В. У., Толмачев С. Ю., Цыганков Ю. Э. — Версия 2.0. — М.: Formoza, 1998.
Интернет-ресурс:
Бычкова, Л. С. Конструктивизм / Л. С. Бычкова // Культурология 20 век. — (http//www.philosophy/edu/ref/enc/k.html).
Другие работы по теме:
Beginnings Of Christianity Essay Research Paper By
Beginnings Of Christianity Essay, Research Paper By the time Constantine declared himself a Christian in 313 CE, almost half of the Roman population had abandoned the traditional Roman gods for Christianity (Galloway 4). The reason for the spread of this particular religion was because the ideas behind it were simple and easy for the people of the Roman world to embrace.
Roman Aims Essay Research Paper
Simialr misunderstanding of roman aims ? doubtful late antiquity wanted to extend control far beyond Tigris as would have doe in 298/99? 0 Julian?s expedition should not be seen as an attempt to conquer
Reniasance Essay Research Paper The word
Reniasance Essay, Research Paper The word renaissance , meaning rebirth is perfect to describe the renaissance because the renaissance was a period of creativity and rediscovery (Farah and Karls 402). Developments in art, architecture and literature spread from Italy to the rest of Europe as people revisited the past stories of Greek and Roman culture.
Christianity
’s Effect On The Roman Culture Essay, Research Paper Christianity came into the world approximately two thousand years ago. It was persecuted at first, but atually became the offical religion in 381 A.D. “It is the spiritual force that conquered the Roman Empire; one of the decisive elements in the growth of Western civiliztion (Bunson 9).
Archimedes Of Syracuse Essay Research Paper Archimedes
Archimedes Of Syracuse Essay, Research Paper Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287-ca. 212 BC) Greek mathematician who flourished in Sicily. He is generally considered to be the greatest mathematician of ancient times. Most of the facts about his life come from a biography about the Roman soldier Marcellus written by the Roman biographer Plutarch.
Julius Cesar Essay Research Paper IntroductionJulius Caesar
Julius Cesar Essay, Research Paper Introduction: Julius Caesar is one of the most famous people in world history. He was a very interesting man. It was Caesar who changed the way that the Roman government worked. He was also a great warrior and claimed a great deal of land for the Roman Empire.
Polybius Histories Essay Research Paper Polybius
Polybius ? Histories Essay, Research Paper Polybius wanted to explain to his fellow Greeks how the Romans had risen to world power in a short span of time. Polybius criticized bitterly those writers of his time who wrote history as romance or who blindly celebrated their homelands or famous men without regard to deeper truth.
Roman Republic Essay Research Paper The author
Roman Republic Essay, Research Paper The author Michael Crawford wrote the book The Roman Republic to offer an interpretation about the Roman Empire. This was done to educate the reader about how Rome gained its greatness and became the military and cultural center of the world at that time. He wanted to inform the readers about how the Roman Empire grew from one city tribe, to dominate the Italian peninsula, and finally to conquer the Mediterranean coast.
Astrology Essay Research Paper it was about
Astrology Essay, Research Paper it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like in roman days.it was about greek gods and they the way they were/suposidly like
A Biography Of Mark Antony Essay Research
Paper Mark Antony was a Roman statesman and general who defeated the assassins of Julius Caesar and with Gaius Octavius and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate, which lead to the end of the Roman Republic. Antony was born in Rome and educated in Greece. From 58 to 56 BC he served as a leader of cavalry in Roman campaigns in Palestine and Egypt and from 54 to 50 BC he served in Gaul under Julius Caesar.
Greek And Roman Arches And Architecture Essay
, Research Paper Architectural designs changed greatly since the ancient times. Most famous architectures and sculptures today originated from the Greek and Roman civilizations. Moreover,
Euthanasia Essay Research Paper Euthanasia killing life
Euthanasia Essay, Research Paper Euthanasia- killing life painlessly to end suffering, mercy killing. This pratice was traced back as far as the Greek and Roman times. As time passed religion increased and life was viewed as sacred. All forms of Euthanasia was/is now considered wrong. In the year of 1935 a group of doctors formed the first Voluntary Euthanasia Society in London.
Punic War Essay Research Paper The Second
Punic War Essay, Research Paper The Second Punic War was lost because General Hannibal did not have the right engineering to conquer Roman Cities. If General Hannibal could not conquer Roman cities then he would never be able to conquer the Roman Empire. Hannibal had the right leadership and a large enough army to defeat the Romans.
Music In Middle Ages Essay Research Paper
The middle ages, (450- 1450), after the Roman empire fell this was a time of great change through chaos. The later part of the middle ages brought a period of growth with religious structures and universities. Most of society in the
Julius Caesar Essay Research Paper Larren San
Julius Caesar Essay, Research Paper Larren San Pedro Julius Caesar Julius Caesar is a Shakespearean tragedy about the hunger for power. William Shakespeare explained the tragedy through the character development of hatred and envy. Caesar s life was cut short because several men around him looked at him to power hungry and weak.
History Essay Research Paper 4 discuss the
History Essay, Research Paper 4. discuss the values which helped the Romans build an empire from a city-state.From a city-state to Roman Empire, the values such as individualism and Greek idea helped the Romans build an empire from a city-state. During a city-state period, the Romans were very concerned about maintaining the customs or traditions of their ancestors.
Aeneas As A Roman Hero Essay Research
Paper Aeneas as a Roman Hero In Virgil’s poem, The Aeneid, the ideal Roman hero is depicted in the form of Aeneas. Not only does Aeneas represent the Roman hero, but he also represents what every Roman citizen is called to be. Each Roman citizen must posses two major virtues, he must remain pious, and he must remain loyal to the Roman race.
Ancient Roman Art Essay Research Paper Early
Ancient Roman Art Essay, Research Paper Early Roman art reflected previous civilizations, but astime passed, the Romans developed an artistic style completelytheir own. One very unique aspect of the Roman civilization, which setup art, was the use of public baths. At first these public bathsconsisted only of dressing room suites and bathing chambers.
Julius Caesar Essay Research Paper Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar Essay, Research Paper Julius Caesar was a great military power. Much of Rome praised Caesar and triumphed at his victories and accomplishments. However, there were many dissatisfied Roman men and women that felt Caesar was too powerful and ambitious for his own good. Caesar’s growing power resulted in Marcus Antonius offering him the Crown of Rome three times, and all three times Caesar refused the crown.
Calpurnia And Portia Essay Research Paper In
Calpurnia And Portia Essay, Research Paper In William Shakespeare s play Julius Caesar Calpurnia and Portia are two women of similar characters. Calpurnia is the wife of Julius Caesar, and Portia is the wife of Brutus. Both women are concerned with their husband s well being and fear for their lives. These two women of similar character show how women of early roman times acted towards their husbands.
Costantine
– Byzantine Culture Essay, Research Paper HECTOR MERCEDES HISTORY 101-003 PROFFESOR RICHARD GREEN COSTANTINE/BYZANTINE CULTURE MAY 11, 2000 The Byzantine Empire was the eastern part of the Roman Empire, which survived the destruction of the western empire. Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey, was the capital city.
The Roman Empire Essay Research Paper Greek
The Roman Empire Essay, Research Paper Greek culture laid the foundation for the Roman Empire. The Roman people wanted to be like the Greek people. For example the Romans made a sculpture of the Greek goddess Aphrodite. The Romans recognized the Greek art and architecture to be very well done. Since the Romans likes these traits of the Greek they used the Greeks ideas and created there own.
Greek And Roman Civilization Essay Research Paper
Ancient Greek and Roman civilization have made many lasting contributions to western civilization. Contributions such as law, religion, sports, and trade are present in western civilization because of Greece and Rome.
Misconception Essay Research Paper MisconceptionWe often have
Misconception Essay, Research Paper Misconception We often have misconceptions with people. When I was in fifth grade my parents presented me with a new electronic game, called Sega. The reason for that is, because I studied hard and was obedient. The game was placed into the corner of my room next to TV.
The Roman Forum Essay Research Paper The
The Roman Forum Essay, Research Paper The Roman Forum The Forum Romanum, the Roman name for what we usually call the Roman Forum, was the center of the Roman Empire?s power.
The Art Of Ancient Rome Essay Research
Paper The Art of Ancient Rome The Roman sculptures and architectures were greatly influenced by the Greeks and also some effects by the Etruscans. Romans were influenced mostly by Greek art in many ways. It was because the variety of paintings, sculptures, and the different style of early architectures presented in every period of Roman history.
Braveheart Essay Research Paper I have just
Braveheart Essay, Research Paper I have just recently watched the film 1995 film Braveheart directed by and starring Mel Gibson. The main thing that I noticed about the film was not the art or architecture, but the lack there of. In ancient Roman times, there was some kind of Roman architecture almost everywhere.
The Roman Catholic View On Abortion Essay
, Research Paper The Roman Catholic View on Abortion Abortion is the ending of pregnancy before the birth and the Roman Catholic Church would say that this is morally wrong. An Abortion results in the death of an embryo or fetus. Abortion, the Church says destroys the lives of helpless, innocent children. By aborting these unborn infants, humans are hurting themselves; they are not allowing themselves to meet these new identities and unique personalities.