По данным Royal Dutch/Shell Group, ускорение экономического роста США и стран Европы в течение двух ближайших десятилетий может способствовать снижению экономической стабильности в ряде крупных развивающихся стран, в том числе в Индии, крах экономики которой может наступить уже в 2007 году.
Целью данного исследования служило определение путей возможного развития деловой среды Shell и влияние этих процессов на развитие самой компании. За год работы экономисты нефтяного гиганта рассмотрели два возможных сценария. Согласно одному из них, в будущем США сохранят доминирующие позиции в мире, который будет характеризоваться постепенным стиранием границ и углублением процессов интеграции экономик различных стран. В то же время, развитие ситуации по этому сценарию должно привести к снижению экономической стабильности в мире. Эксперты Shell считают, что в этом случае развивающиеся страны, такие как Индия, попытаются воссоздать у себя американские системы корпоративного управления и минимального вмешательства государства в дела рынка, однако справиться с этой задачей им не удастся.
В соответствие со вторым сценарием, экономика США утратит ведущие позиции, в то время как развитие других стран будет идти по иным путям, не связанным с политикой Вашингтона. В этом случае правительства развивающихся стран расширят свои полномочия в области контроля над экономикой, что с одной стороны, вызовет замедление экономического роста в этих странах, а с другой – будет способствовать смягчению разрушительных последствий смены фаз циклов деловой активности.
Определение путей будущего развития мировой экономики играет огромное значение для нефтяных компаний. Дело в том, что крупные проекты в области энергетики, как правило, обходятся в миллиарды долларов, причем их подготовка и проведение занимает десятки лет. Осуществление таких проектов несет в себе огромные риски, связанные с неопределенностью цен на нефть, политической нестабильностью в добывающих ее странах, а также с изменениями законодательства развитых стран-импортеров нефти.
Тем не менее, пока еще слишком рано говорить о том, что аналитики нефтяных компаний добились серьезного успеха в области предсказания будущего. Так, крах цен на нефть в конце 1990-х гг. оказался полной неожиданностью для мировых энергетических гигантов. Сама Shell в момент краха рынка как раз приступила к осуществлению крупной инвестиционной программы, которую впоследствии она была вынуждена свернуть.
Однако подготовка подобных аналитических отчетов может преследовать и иные цели, связанные, например, с завоеванием репутации серьезной компании, заботящейся о будущем мира. Это способно существенно улучшить имидж Shell как в глазах широкой общественности, так и в глазах представителей политических и научных кругов. Исходя из этих соображений, руководство Shell тщательно следит за тем, чтобы публикуемые от имени компании прогнозы не выглядел бы чересчур мрачными. Предлагаемые широкой публике отчеты содержат лишь общее описание возможных путей развития политической и экономической ситуации, тогда как более конкретные прогнозы Shell, связанные с изменением рискованности отдельных стран, предназначаются только для узкого круга посвященных лиц.
Shell придерживается практики подготовки двух альтернативных отчетов еще с 1992 года, когда ее эксперты представили два возможных пути развития мировой экономики после краха Советского Союза. Согласно одному из представленных сценариев, падение Железного Занавеса должно было привести к дальнейшей либерализации международной политики. В свою очередь, более пессимистичный прогноз предсказывал появление новых границ и очагов напряженности, в еще большей степени разделяющих мир.
Разумеется, с точки зрения Shell и других нефтяных гигантов, значение имеет не просто развитие политической ситуации, но и то, каким образом она будет влиять на развитие мировой экономики. По мнению Shell, в том случае, если будущее будет разворачиваться по пути углубления процессов интеграции, это может привести к росту объемов добычи природного газа, связанному с переходом развивающихся стран на альтернативные источники энергии, в минимальной степени влияющие на озоновый слой нашей планеты, а также с ростом мировых цен на нефть. По мнению экспертов компании, в этом случае цены на нефть, составляющие сегодня примерно $18 за баррель, к 2015 году, с учетом инфляции, вырастут примерно до $50 за баррель. В этом случае перед Shell и другими энергетическими гигантами остро встанет вопрос, в какие именно сегменты рынка природного газа и альтернативных источников энергии им будет предпочтительнее осуществлять инвестиции.
Если же события будут развиваться в сторону дальнейшего обособления отдельных стран, цены на нефть опустятся к 2010 году примерно до $10-15 за баррель и останутся на этом уровне еще как минимум на десятилетие. Этот сценарий имеет определенный плюс с точки зрения нефтяных компаний: несмотря на падение цен на нефть, отсутствие роста интереса к альтернативным источникам энергии позволит производителям нефти еще долгие годы диктовать свою волю рынкам.
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