Notre-Dame de Paris
Au milieu de la Seine se trouve l'ile de la Citй qui est reliйe aux deux rives par huit ponts. La Citй attire les Franзais et les йtrangers par sa grande cathйdrale gothique Notre-Dame de Paris. Qu'il pleut ou qu'il neige, les touristes sont toujours aussi nombreux, empressйs, le nez en l'air, l'appareil photo en bataille. La cathйdrale les attire comme le miel attire les mouches.
On prend une place devant de Notre-Dame pour 0 km. Tous les distances en France sont comptйes d'ici.
L'art gothique s'est йpanoui en Europe du XII-ieme siиcle а la Renaissance ( XV-ieme siиcle). C'est un art architectural qui a succйdй а l'art roman Le style gothique est typique de l'architecture religieuse. Il se caractйrise par la structure verticale, grвce а l'emploi de la croisйe d'ogives. On considиre l'Ile-de-France comme le berceau des cathйdrales gothiques.
Dans le Moyen Age il y avait une cathйdrale dans une chaque grosse ville. La cathйdrale de Notre-Dame jouait un rфle important dans la vie de la ville. Ici tenait seance le parlement de Paris, se passait les mysteries, etaient conclurйs des marchйs, des vagabonds et mendiants venait ici pour de,ander asile. Dans la cathйdrale avait lieu des baptкme, des mariages; etait cйlйbrй des victoires.
La cathйdrale de Notre-Dame a йtй construite а l'emplacement de l'ancien temple gallo-romain. Sa construction a йtй comencйe en 1163 selon le desir de l'йvкque Maurice de Sully et durait environ deux cents ans jusqu'au milieu du XIII-ieme siйcle. Les travaux dirigйs par Jean de Chelles et Pierre de Montreuil ne seront achevйs que vers 1345.Le maоtre autel est йrigй en 1182, le choeur est achevй en 1177 alors que la nef n'est terminйe qu'au dйbut du XIIIи siиcle.Tout ce qu'il y avait а Paris d'artistes connus et unconnus y contribuaient. Bien qu'elle soit souvent considйrйe comme chef-d'oeuvre de l'art gothique, elle n'est pas d'un gothique pur. C'est un йdifice de la transition du roman au gothique. Et comme dit V. Hugo , chaque face , chaque pierre du monument est une page non seulement de l'histoire du pays, mais encore de l'histoire de la science et de l'art. La cathйdrale surprend par l'equilibre de ses proportions et la puretй des lignes.
La faзade de la cathйdrale se compose de trois йtages au-dessus des trois grands portails, qui surmontent les portails ( le portail du Jugement Dernier, le portail de la Vierge et le portail de sainte Anne ). Les sculptures de ces portails reprйsentent : au milieu le Jugement Dernier; а droite, la vie de Saint-Anne; а gauche, l'ensevelissement et le couronnement de la Sainte-Vierge. Aussi il y a la statue de Saint-Denis, le premier йvкque de Lutиce ; il tient sa tкte entre les mains.Il y a une legende: des barbars a coupй lui la tкte, il s'est levй, a pris sa tкte entre ses mains, a fait 40 kilomйtres et alors est tombй mort. A cette place, la cathйdrale a йtй bati. Il y a une galerie avec des statues dans les niches; ce sont les rois de Juda.C'est la Galerie des Rois composйe de 28 statues.Elles a йtй detruitйes pendant la pйriode de la Rйvolution, parce que peuple pensait c'etait les rois de France. Alors elles ont йtй rйtablies.A l'йtage du milieu une rose splendide de 11 mиtres de diamиtre et trois statues: celle de la Vierge, d'Adam et d'Eve. Le deuxieme йtage forme une belle galerie avec les deux tours, qui s'йlиvent а 69 m de hauteur , dont celle du midi renferme la cloche "Emmanuel" de 2 mйtres et demi de demi de diamйtre, il pesй 13 tonnes. C'etait la plus grosse cloche de l'epoque.Il s'agit de la plus vieille cloche de Notre-Dame ; elle date en effet de 1631 et l'on raconte que lorsqu'elle fut refondue des femmes y jetиrent leurs bijoux pour lui donner ce timbre particulier
Le dessin de la grande rose au-dessus des portails est si parfait que rien n'y a йtй changй depuis 700 ans. Cette rose s'illumine au soleil couchant, car c'est la faзade occidentale de Notre-Dame. La cathedrale a trois roses , celle du sud peut кtre admirкe du square qui se trouve derriиre le bвtiment. Vous pouvez encore admirer aux deux faзades latйrales, deux roses avec des vitraux du XIII-ieme siиcle.
Les proportions de la cathйdrale sont immenses: 130 , de long, 50 m de large et 35 m de hauteur. La cathйdrale peut contenir au moins 9000 personnes. Au premier йtage il y a la galerie: dans les grandes cйrйmonies elle sert de tribune: Les boiseries datent du XVII-ieme siиcle. Elles forment 52 stalles hautes et 26 basses.A cфtй de ceux ilya les statues de Louis XIII et Louis XIV et des scиnes de la vie du Christ qu'on appelle Imagerie. Autour du choeur ce sont les tombeaux et monuments d'archevкques de Paris. Au pilier sud-est du transept se trouve la statue qui a reзu specialement le nom de Notre-Dame de Paris. C'est une madonne du XIV-ieme siиcle, au visage sйrieux sous une couronne ornйe.
Les tours de Notre-Dame sont gardйes par fameux кtres qu'on appelle les chimиres ou les gargouilles aux quatre coins.
Le portail de cathйdrale est ornй avec des beaux dessins de fer forgй. Voila une legende sur ce portail: on a confiй lui forger а forgeron Biscornet. Il a eu peur qu'il ne vienne pas а ce travail et a essayй d'appeller le diable. Un matin l'archidiacre est venu pour regarder on travail et a vu le mort forgeron et le portail prкt.
L
a cathйdrale fera l'objet de destructions malheureuses durant la Rйvolution. Elle s'est sauvais parce que Robespierre l'a annoncй "le temple de Raison".
Le cйlиbre йcrivain franзais Prosper Mйrimй йtait inspecteur des Monuments historiques en France. Il avait pour ami un architecte de talent Viollet-le-Duc. Ce dernier n'a guиre construit d'ouvrages nouveaux, mais il a restaurй les plus beaux йdifices gothiques, mкme quand ils tombaient en ruines? Les deux amis voyageaient а travers la France pour sauver ce qui pouvait l'кtre. C'est а Viollet-le-Duc qu'on a confiй la restauration de Notre-Dame de Paris.Cette cathйdrale avait йtй le centre du roman de Victor Hugo, que le grand йcrivain avait terminй en 1831. Des millions de curieux du monde entier se rendent sur les lieux de l'action de "Notre-Dame de Paris" de Hugo et admirent la cathйdrale avec un sentiment particulier.
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