The first nuclear weapons were created by the United States, with assistance from the United Kingdom and Canada, during World War II as part of
the top-secret Manhattan Project. While the first nuclear weapons were
developed primarily out of fear that Nazi Germany would first develop them,
they eventually used against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in
August 1945.
The Soviet Union developed and tested their first nuclear weapon in
1949, based partially on information obtained from Soviet espionage in the United States. Both the USA and USSR would go on to develop weapons powered by nuclear
fusion (hydrogen bombs) by the mid-1950s.
With the invention of reliable rocketry during the 1960s, it became
possible for nuclear weapons to be delivered anywhere in the world on a very
short notice, and the two Cold War superpowers adopted a strategy of deterrence
to maintain a shaky peace.
Nuclear weapons were symbols of military and national power, and
nuclear testing was often used both to test new designs as well as to send
political messages. Other nations also developed nuclear weapons during this
time, including the United Kingdom, France, and China. These five members of
the «nuclear club» agreed to attempt to limit the spread of nuclear
proliferation to other nations, though at least four other countries (India, South Africa, Pakistan, and most likely Israel) developed nuclear arms during this time.
At the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, the Russian Federation inherited the weapons of the former USSR, and along with the USA pledged to reduce their stockpile for increased international safety. Nuclear
proliferation has continued, though, with Pakistan testing their first weapons
in 1998, and the state of North Korea claiming to have developed nuclear weapons
in 2004. Nuclear weapons have been at the heart of many national and
international political disputes, and have usually symbolized the ultimate
ability of mankind to utilize the strength of nature for destruction.
There have been at least four major false alarms, the most recent in
1995, that almost resulted in the US or Russia launching its weapons in
retaliation for a supposed attack. Additionally, during the Cold War the US and
the the USSR came close to nuclear warfare a number of times, most notably
during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.
As of 2005, there are estimated to be about 30, 000 nuclear weapons
held by eight countries, though 96% of these are in the possession of just two
— the United States and the Russian Federation.
История создания ядерной бомбы
Первая
ядерная бомба была создана во время Второй мировой войны Соединенными Штатами
Америки при участии Великобритании и Канады как часть сверхсекретного проекта
«Манхеттан Проджект». Создание первых ядерных бомб происходило главным образом
из опасений, что нацистская Германия создаст их первой, и, в конечном счете, эти
бомбы были использованы против японских городов Хиросима и Нагасаки в августе
1945 года.
Советский
Союз создал и испытал свою первую ядерную бомбу в 1949 году, создание которой
было частично основано на информации, добытой советскими шпионами в США. Обе
страны, как США так и СССР, продолжали разработку оружия на основе деления ядер
(термоядерная бомба) до середины 1950-х годов.
С
появлением надежной ракетной техники в 1960-х годах, ядерное оружие могло быть
доставлено в любую точку земного шара в течение небольшого промежутка времени, так
что две сверхдержавы периода «холодной войны» приняли на вооружение стратегию
сдерживания, чтобы поддерживать шаткое равновесие (мир).
Ядерное
оружие было символом военной мощи государства, а ядерные испытания часто
использовались как для создания новых моделей оружия, так и в политических
целях. Тем временем и другие государства также разрабатывали ядерное оружие —
Великобритания, Франция и Китай. Эти пять членов «ядерного клуба» договорились
попытаться ограничить распространение ядерного оружия среди других государств, хотя
по крайней мере еще 4 государства — Индия, ЮАР, Пакистан и, по всей вероятности,
Израиль — разрабатывали ядерное оружие.
По
окончанию «холодной войны», в начале 1990-х, Российская Федерация унаследовала
весь ядерный потенциал СССР и вместе с США, для укрепления международной
безопасности, договорились уменьшить свои арсеналы. Политика нераспространения
ядерного оружия продолжается, хотя в 1998 году Пакистан испытал свое ядерное
оружие, а в 2004 году Северная Корея заявила, что уже создала ядерное оружие.
Ядерное оружие всегда было в центре внутриполитических и международных споров и
всегда было символом исключительного умения человечества использовать силу
природы для разрушения.
Вследствие
ложной атаки было по крайней мере четыре случая ложной тревоги, последняя — в
1995 году, что чуть было не вылилось в двухсторонний обмен ядерными ударами
между Россией и США. К тому же, во времена «холодной войны» США и СССР
несколько раз подходили очень близко к «активному» ядерному противостоянию, самый
знаменитый из них — это Карибский кризис 1962 года.
В
2005 году на вооружении восьми стран находится около 30 000 боеголовок, 96 % из
которых принадлежат только двум странам — США и Российской Федерации.
Questions:
1. What country was the first to create nuclear weapons?
2. What countries helped the USA to create nuclear weapons?
3. When did nuclear proliferation start?
4. What countries agreed to conduct nuclear proliferation?
5. What do nuclear weapons symbolize?
6. When did the two Cold War superpowers adopt a strategy of
deterrence to maintain a shaky peace?
7. What were the technological achievements that permitted for
nuclear weapons to be delivered anywhere in the world on a . very short notice?
8. How many warheads are there in the world at the moment?
9. What is the Cuban Missile Crisis? When did it happen?
10. When did the Soviet Union develop and test their first nuclear
weapon?
Vocabulary:
nuclear
weapons — ядерные вооружения
to
create — порождать, производить, создавать, творить; задумывать (создание
чего-л.); проектировать, разрабатывать
assistance
— поддержка, помощь, поощрение, содействие
the
United Kingdom — Объединенное Королевство (Великобритания)
top-secret
— совершенно секретный
Manhattan
Project — Манхэттенский проект
to
develop — развивать(ся) (from; into); проявлять(ся), выясняться), обнаруживать(ся),
делаться очевидным
fear
— боязнь, опасение, опаска, страх; испуг; смятение; ужас
Nazi
Germany — нацистская Германия
eventually
— в конечном счете, в итоге, в конце концов; со временем
partially
— немного, отчасти, частично, частью
to
obtain — получать; добывать; приобретать; достигать (ка-кого-л. предела, границы),
доходить (до чего-л.)
espionage
— разведка, шпионаж
invention
— изобретение; выдумка, домысел, измышление
reliable
rocketry — зд. надежная ракетная техника
superpower
— сверхдержава; одна из наиболее мощных великих держав
to
adopt — принимать; принимать (что-л. официально — закон, постановление и т.
п.); перенимать, усваивать
deterrence
— сдерживание, препятствование; удерживание (от враждебных, преступных или
военных действий); устрашение
shaky
— нетвердый, шаткий; шатающийся; непрочный, ненадежный, сомнительный;
колеблющийся
designs
— зд. разрабртки
to
agree — соглашаться (with — с кем - л., to — с чем-л., on — на что-л.)
to
attempt — пытаться, стараться, стремиться, прилагать усилия, пробовать, делать
попытку
to
limit — ограничивать; ставить предел
sprea.d(npoiu.
вр. — spread; прич. прош. вр. — spread) — распространение; растяжение, расширение;
размах (крыльев и т. п.), ширина, растяжка (в спорте), диапазон
proliferation
— распространение (оружия)
to
pledge - — отдавать в залог, закладывать; связывать обещанием, клятвой; давать
торжественное обещание; заверять, обещать, клясться
to
reduce — ослаблять, понижать, сокращать, уменьшать
stockpile
— запас, резерв
to
increase — возрастать, увеличивать(ся); расти; усиливать(ся) (from; to)
dispute
— диспут, дискуссия, дебаты, полемика (about, over; with); спор, разногласия;
пререкания, ссора
to
symbolize — символизировать; придавать чему-л. значение символа
ultimate
— максимальный; наибольший, наивысший, предельный
ability
— способность, возможность делать что-л. (at, in; to+inf.)
mankind
— человечество; человеческий род
to
utilize — утилизировать, использовать, расходовать, употреблять
strength
— сила; достоинство, сильная сторона; прочность; крепость
destruction
— разрушение; уничтожение; истребление, умерщвление, лишение жизни
false
alarm — ложная тревога
to
launch — запускать (спутник, ракету и т. п.); выпускать (снаряд);
катапультировать (against, at)
retaliation
— воздаяние, возмездие, кара, отплата, расплата
supposed
attack — предполагаемая атака
additionally
— дополнительно; кроме того, сверх того
notably
— исключительно, особенно, в особенности, больше всего; весьма, заметно, очень,
сильно
to
estimate — оценивать, производить оценку, устанавливать цену, стоимость; калькулировать;
оценивать; приблизительно подсчитывать, прикидывать; считать, полагать, оценивать,
давать оценку; судить; расценивать
possession
— владение, обладание; собственность; имущество; пожитки
Список литературы
Для
подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта alleng/
Другие работы по теме:
Atomic Bomb Essay Research Paper Through the
Atomic Bomb Essay, Research Paper Through the centuries, man has tried many attempts in inventing a mass killing mechanism. Alas, in 1945, such a mechanism was created. The atomic bomb was created after many years of the study of atoms. Finally, a way to split the atoms was born. Germany was the first to try, using uranium-235 to make a bomb.
Enrico Fermi Essay Research Paper Enrico Fermi
Enrico Fermi Essay, Research Paper Enrico Fermi was one of the greatest minds ever and one of, if not the most, influential nuclear scientist s ever. His work on the atomic bomb and nuclear transformations would earn him the Nobel Prize and a reputation for brilliance his whole life. Fermi was truly one of the greatest minds of our time.
Technology Essay Research Paper Technology is a
Technology Essay, Research Paper Technology is a great thing, it aids man in the exploration of the universe, and himself. But there are times when technology can be the greatest downfall of man. One such time was when the creation of the nuclear bomb. Which was to be used in the Was in efforts to end it.
Hiroshima Essay Research Paper The stories and
Hiroshima Essay, Research Paper The stories and events that unfold in John Hersey’s, Hiroshima, have certainly been eye-openers for me. As a child in middle school and high school I, we have all heard of the atomic bomb and of course of Hiroshima, but never in as much detail or on such a personal level as these stories.
Nuclear Weapons Essay Research Paper Even though
Nuclear Weapons Essay, Research Paper Even though the United States and Russia have just concluded the most far-reaching nuclear arms reduction treaty in history, the danger that nuclear weapons will actually be used is growing rather than declining. George Bush and Boris Yeltsin’s START II accord does represent an important step in winding down the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms race (Fromuth, 1993).
Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay Research Paper TO
Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay, Research Paper TO BOMB OR NOT TO BOMB This report is to discuss the dropping of the nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to end World War II. Many people believe that this was the only way to get Emperor Hirohito of Japan to surrender to the United States. Some believe that there were other reasons for dropping the bombs.
Hiroshima Essay Research Paper OUTLINE Thesis Nuclear
Hiroshima Essay, Research Paper OUTLINE Thesis: Nuclear proliferation should be banned in order to prevent other countries from death and destruction like that of Hiroshima. I. Mankind argues for and against Hershey s message to ban the bomb. (QUOTE) A. History leading to Hiroshima 1. Why was book written 2.
Nuclear Arms Essay Research Paper On August
Nuclear Arms Essay, Research Paper On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima was devastated by “a most cruel and terrible new bomb,” as described by Emperor Hirohito, one of the Axis leaders during World War II. Since then, nuclear weapons have become a major threat to humanity as more and more missiles, bombs, and other weapons are created by different countries.
Nuclear History Essay Research Paper WHAT IS
Nuclear History Essay, Research Paper WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENERGY ? Nuclear energy is made up of tiny atoms. All matter has atoms. One drop of water has one six tillion atoms. It would take one hundred million atoms to equal the length of one centimeter. An atom is mostly empty space. At the center of an atom, there is a nucleus.
Constitution Essay Research Paper Atom BombingThe purpose
Constitution Essay, Research Paper Atom Bombing The purpose of my essay is to explain why the Atom Bomb was right. Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima in August 6,1945. Fat man was dropped on Nagasaki in August 9,1945. The effect of the bombing was tremendous; it caused death to over 112,000 people. The Bombing also ended the war as soon as possible.
Should We Have Dropped The Bomb Essay
, Research Paper The Decision to Drop the Bomb Our century has been dominated by a continuing expansion of military knowledge, but perhaps the weapon which had the most impact was the atomic bomb. It ended a world war, and inspired many to search of the secret of atomic weaponry. The A-bomb has inspired much controversy.
Nuclear Terrorism Essay Research Paper Today the
Nuclear Terrorism Essay, Research Paper Today, the terrorists have innumerable opportunities to attack where they want and also, how they want. The reason? Nobody knows, but how would you like if you would be able to put some nuclear stuff in a small box instead of looking for a place where you could drive your wagon full of explosives.
The Threat Of Nuclear Weapons Essay Research
Paper Ever since the first nuclear weapon was built in 1945, nuclear war has been a threat. The two major nuclear powers in the world today are the Soviet Union and the United States. If a war ever broke out between
Development Of The Atom Bomb Essay Research
Paper Development of:The Atom Bomb “In the 1930s, some scientists theorized that bombarding an atom’s nucleus with a neutron from another atom would cause the first atom to split in two. The splitting atom would release another neutron, which would then strike a neighboring atom, causing it to split, and so on.
Emergence Of The Nuclear Age Essay Research
Paper Emergence of the Nuclear Age I feel the most important issue which I learned in class was of the emergence of the nuclear age. I feel that this is important due to the fact
Atom Bomb Essay Research Paper The United
Atom Bomb Essay, Research Paper The United States’ decision to drop the atomic bomb was intended to intimidate and keep the Soviet Union from invading Japan, but was also to end the war. Even without the atomic bomb, the Japanese empire would have collapsed. The United States, however, did not want to let the Soviet Union enter the war and invade Japan in order to spread communism.
Decision To Drop The Atomic Bomb Essay
, Research Paper The atomic bomb controversy started on August 6, 1945. The Atomic bomb was first used in combat as it was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. The explosive power of the weapon was finally displayed. Within a few days, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The atomic bomb was one of the most destructive weapons of war used in combat.
Nuclear Weapons Essay Research Paper What should
Nuclear Weapons Essay, Research Paper What should be done to prevent 3rd world countries and terrorists from obtaining Nuclear weapons? Nuclear weapons are the most deadly weapons man has ever created and now 3rd world countries as well as terrorist can possess them. The first atomic bomb which hit Hiroshima with a 100 kiloton explosion that s equal 100,000 tons of TNT Five years later the first fusion bomb went off with an explosion 100 times more powerful than the one that hit Japan, and that was 40 years ago.
Nuclear Weapons Essay Research Paper The topic
Nuclear Weapons Essay, Research Paper The topic of nuclear weapons is one that will be around forever. One of my favorite lines from the reading we had was that we cannot uninvent nuclear
Bignerds Essay Research Paper Why nuclear fusion
Bignerds Essay, Research Paper Why nuclear fusion is so cool……. For a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which are positively charged, must have enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force of repulsion. This can occur either when one nucleus is accelerated to high energies by an accelerating device, or …
Atomic Bomb Essay Research Paper The Right
Atomic Bomb Essay, Research Paper The Right Choice On August 6, 1945, at 8:15 the American plane The Enola Gay changed history forever. The plane dropped the first atomic bomb over the city of Hiroshima, Japan in a successful effort to ended World War II. The question on whether or not such a powerful attack was necessary to end the war has often been asked.
Atomic Bomb Essay Research Paper The history
Atomic Bomb Essay, Research Paper The history of the atomic bomb dates back to the early 1900 s when Einstein s theory of relativity proved a basis for understanding nuclear energy and showed that the atom contained vast energy. This energy seemed beyond men s grasp until the late 1930 s.
Atomic Bomb Controversy Essay Research Paper The
Atomic Bomb Controversy Essay, Research Paper The Atomic Bomb Controversy August 6, 1945- the atomic bomb was first used in combat as it was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. The raw explosive power of the weapon was displayed. Within a few days, another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The atomic bomb was one of the most destructive weapons of war ever used in combat.
Atomic Bomb Essay Research Paper This was
Atomic Bomb Essay, Research Paper This was the basis for the atomic bomb. Throughout this research paper, I will trace the history of the atomic bomb. In addition, who was involved and why, what happened in this event, and explain the impact that it had on the world. After Einstein predicted, that mass could be converted into energy.
Atomic Bomb Essay Research Paper In this
Atomic Bomb Essay, Research Paper In this paper, it will be discussed why the Atomic Bomb is the biggest method of destruction known to man. The paper will be discussing the results of the Atomic Bombs, along with the effects years after the initial explosion. People always wonder how many people actually died in the two Atomic Bombs which were dropped in Japan.
The A Bomb Essay Research Paper The
The A Bomb Essay, Research Paper The A-Bomb The effects of the atomic bomb were terrible. There’s no doubt in my mind that the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki was a costly mistake. Atomic bombs produce heat millions of degrees high and visible ultraviolet rays. Everyone and everything exposed to their blast is affected.
Why Did We Drop The First Atomic
Bomb Essay, Research Paper Why Did We Drop the First Atomic Bomb Ever since the historical event occurred on August 6 of 1945, when the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on a city, people have asked why. There are different explanations of why the bomb was dropped from historians, from the individuals who made the decision to drop the bomb, and from general populations alike.
Nuclear Energy Essay Research Paper Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Energy Essay, Research Paper Nuclear Energy should be produced because it is an alternative to fossil fuel. Nuclear energy helps to conserve our national resources that we use as fuel such as coil, oil, and natural gas. Another pro of nuclear energy is that radiation that is given off by nuclear energy is mostly thought of a very dangerous thing but it can be used in positive ways too.
Advances By Way Of War Essay Research
Paper Advances by Way of War War is a very good way for our society to advance its ideas and technology. War lets leaders with newideas rise to power, gives them resources to work with and stimulates a aggressiveness to reach the goal before the other side does, this aggressiveness often ends with success.
Pros And Cons Essay Research Paper Humanities
Pros And Cons Essay, Research Paper Humanities 410 Extra Credit The Pros & Cons of Using the Atomic Bomb. During wartime, horrible atrocities against all of humanity must be dealt with. Crimes against humanity, as never witnessed before, and hopefully to never be seen again, occurred during the course of World War II.
Manhattan Project Essay Research Paper Manhattan ProjectThe
Manhattan Project Essay, Research Paper Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project is the code name for the US government’s secret project that was established before World War II and culminated in the development of the nuclear bomb. The idea of forming a research team to create a nuclear weapon was endorsed in a letter than Einstein sent to Franklin Roosevelt, the president of the United States at the time.