План
Введение
1 Детали конструкции
1.1 Местоположение
1.2 Планы строительства
1.3 Оборона
1.4 Основы
2 В популярной культуре
Введение
Project Horizon был изучением возможности создания военной базы на Луне. 8 июня 1959 года, группа Военного Агентства по Баллистическим Ракетам (ABMA) сделало Военному департаменту США доклад, озаглавленный Проект Горизонт, исследования армии США по созданию лунной военной базы. Некоторыми причинами для этого указывались военные и научные преимущества над другими нациями. Программа также обеспечивала спрос на конструировавшиеся ракеты ABMA.
Лунная база Горизонт, как было указано, необходима для защиты интересов Соединённых Штатов на Луне, для проведения с Луны наблюдений Земли и космического пространства, в качестве ретранслятора сообщений, а также базы для исследования Луны. Постоянная база должна была стоить 6 миллиардов долларов и начать действовать в декабре 1966 года с 12 солдатами.
Будучи непрактичной, база Горизонт никогда официально не продвигалась.
1. Детали конструкции
Вернер фон Браун, глава ABMA, назначил Хайнц-Германа Кёлле главой команды проекта в Редстоунском арсенале. Планы предусматривали 147 запусков ракет-носителей Saturn I и Saturn II для вывода компонентов космического корабля на низкую околоземную орбиту для сборки. Лунный посадочно-возвращаемый корабль перевозил бы в то время 16 астронавтов на базу и обратно.
1.1. Местоположение
Требования по энергии ракет ограничивали местоположение базы областью широты/долготы на Луне от ~20° с.ш., ~20° з.д. до ~20є ю.ш., ~20є в.д. В этой области проектом были выбраны три места:
северная часть Залива Зноя, около кратера Эратосфен;
южная часть Залива Зноя, около Центрального Залива;
юго-западный берег Моря Дождей, к северу от Апеннин.
1.2. Планы строительства
1964: 40 запусков ракеты Сатурн.
Январь 1965: Начало доставки грузов на Луну.
Апрель 1965: Первая пилотируемая посадка с двумя астронавтами. Непрерывное строительство базы до готовности.
Ноябрь 1966: Укомплектование базы группой из 12 человек. Этой программе требовалось в общей сложности 61 запуск Сатурн I и 88 Сатурн II до ноября 1966 года. За этот период около 220 тонн полезного груза были бы доставлены на Луну.
Декабрь 1966—1967: Первый год эксплуатации лунной базы. В общей сложности было запланировано 64 запуска с дополнительными 120 тоннами полезного груза.
1.3. Оборона
База была бы защищена от пехотной атаки СССР с помощью контролируемого людьми оружия:
неуправляемых ракет Davy Crockett с ядерными боеголовками малой мощности;
обычных мин, модифицированных для прокола скафандров.
1.4. Основы
Основными строительными элементами базы были цилиндрические резервуары из металла, 3,05 м в диаметре и 6,10 м в длину.
Два ядерных реактора находились в бункерах для обеспечения защиты и питания оборудования, используемого в строительстве главного корпуса. Пустые контейнеры из-под грузов и топлива собирались и использовались для хранения сыпучих материалов, оружия, и предметов первой необходимости.
Использовались два типа поверхностных транспортных средств, одно для подъёма тяжестей, копания и скрепирования, другое для более длительных поездок, необходимых для перевозок, исследований и поисково-спасательных работ.
Лёгкая параболическая антенна, возведённая рядом с главным корпусом, обеспечивала связь с Землёй. По завершении этапа строительства первоначальный корпус был бы преобразован в биологическую и физическую научные лаборатории.
2. В популярной культуре
В документальном фильме Gaia Selene, John C. Hemry утверждает, что преимущества военной базы Горизонт заключаются в неуязвимости к первому ядерному удару. Это преимущество было утрачено с развитием атомных подводных лодок и база Горизонт никогда не была реализована.
Источник: ru./wiki/Horizon
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