Построениематрицы Boston Consulting Group (БКГ).
Матрица БКГ - наиболее широко используемая матрица портфеля деловой активности, состоящая из 4 квадрантов, разработана ведущей консалтинговой компанией Boston Consulting Group (БКГ).
В основе матрицы лежит модель жизненного цикла товара. Горизонтальная ось показывает долю рынка, которую занимает каждый товар (услуга) предприятия. Вертикальная ось – годовой темп роста. Диаметр круга пропорционален объему дохода отображаемого товара.
Относительная доля рынка определяется как отношение собственной доли к доле наиболее крупного конкурента. Вертикальная линия, разграничивающая квадранты, проходит на уровне 1,0. Темп роста рынка определяется как рост соответствующей услуги к аналогичной за прошедший период (год).
Горизонтальная линия, разграничивающая квадранты, проходит на уровне среднего роста данных услуг на территории вашего города (например, = 1,05).
На основе построения БКГ матриц можно делать следующие выводы:
1. «Звезды» необходимо оберегать и укреплять. Стратегия «звезды» направлена на увеличение или поддержание доли на рынке.
2. «Вопросительный знак» - данные специальности имеют сильную конкуренцию на рынке; специальности необходимо агрессивно продвигать на рынок, превращая в «звезды» или сворачивать. Основная задача заключается в поддержании отличительных преимуществ данных специальностей в условиях конкуренции.
3. Необходимо контролировать «дойные кровы».
4. Необходимо стремиться поддерживать комбинацию «вопросительный знак + звезда + дойные коровы», которая приводит к наилучшим финансовым результатам функционирования организации.
5. Необходимо стремиться перевести «вопросительные знаки» в звезды, т.к. с приходом неизбежной зрелости сегодняшние звезды превратятся в дойных коров или собак и уйдут с рынка.
6. Суть портфельного анализа заключается в определении того, у каких подразделений изъять ресурсы (у дойных коров) и кому их передать (звездам и вопросительным знакам).
7. «Собаки» потребуют применить к ним стратегию ликвидации.
Для примера, построим матрицу БКГ для фотосалона.
Исходные данные для построения матрицы БКГ представлены в
табл. 13, 14.
Матрица строится с учетом данных ведущего конкурента (по каждому товару (услуге) или в целом по предприятию.
Таблица 13
Исходные данные для построения матрицы БКГ
Вид услуги | фотосалон ТюмГНГУ | Темп роста, % (стб.2./стб.3 *100) | Доход 2005г. тыс. руб. | Объем услуг основного конкурента в 2005 г., шт. | Конкурентная позиция, (стб.2./стб.6) |
2005 год | 2004 год |
шт. |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
Цифровая фотография | 23 000 | 20 000 | 115 | 115 | 16 000 | 1,4 |
Печать фотографий | 50 000 | 55 000 | 90,9 | 225 | 40 000 | 1,25 |
Темп роста рынка, в % | «Вопросительный знак» (Стратегия роста)
| «Звезда» (Интенсивный рост) |
|
115
105 |
|
.
|
|
90 | (Спад)
«Собаки» | (Стабилизация)
.
«Дойная корова» |
|
| 0,5 | 1 1,5 Конкурент. позиция
|
|
|
|
Рис. 2 Матрица БКГ
Выводы:
Изготовление цифровых фотографий - «звезды», занимают лидирующие положение, их необходимо оберегать и укреплять. Данная стратегия направлена на поддержание существующей или возможное увеличение доли подразделения по изготовлению цифровых фотографий на рынке. Самым прибыльным является подразделение, занимающееся печатью фотографий («дойная корова»), стратегия развития этого продукта направлена на поддержание уже существующего положения подразделения на рынке как можно дольше, главным является строгий контроль за развитием продукта. При этом необходимо оказывать поддержку развивающимся направлениям. В данном случае следует интенсивно развивать направление по изготовлению цифровых фотографий.
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