Paper
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are different learning methods. What exactly is conditioning? Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Both classical and operant conditioning are basic forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Manipulating reflexes does this. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. Operant conditioning deals with more cognitive thought process. These two forms of learning have similarities and differences. Their similarities are that they both produce basic phenomena. One such phenomenon is acquisition. Both types of conditioning result in the inheritance of a behavior.
One of the most famous of experiments that illustrates classical conditioning is Pavlov’s Dogs. In this experiment, Pavlov sat behind a one-way mirror and controlled the presentation of a bell. The bell was the conditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus was an originally neutral stimulus that could eventually produce a desired response when presented alone. Directly after the ringing of the bell, Pavlov gave the dog food. The food was the unconditioned stimulus. This means that the food caused an uncontrollable response whenever it was presented alone. That response would be the salivation of the dog. A tube that was in the dog’s mouth then measured the saliva. When the unconditioned stimulus (US) was paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS), it eventually resulted in a conditioned response. Extinction results if there is a decrease in frequency or strength of a learned response due to the failure to continue to pair the US and the CS. Extinction can also occur in operant conditioning. The key to operant conditioning is reinforcement. Reinforcement is when a stimulus is presented that increases the probability that the preceding response will recur in the future. If reinforcement is withheld, extinction will occur in operant conditioning. Another factor that is involved in conditioning is spontaneous recovery. That is the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training. If Pavlov’s dogs did not hear the bell for a few years, and if when they heard it later they drooled, it would be an example of spontaneous recovery. Something similar occurs with operant conditioning. If an animal was conditioned to behave in a certain manor, but then their reinforcement was stopped, that animal may still have a reaction to the stimulus at a much later date.
Organisms that are being conditioned through operant or classical conditioning can go through something that is known as stimulus generalization. This is when there is a transfer of a learned response to different but similar stimuli. An example would be if one of Pavlov’s dogs salivated to the sound of a bell that was different from the one that they were originally conditioned with. Stimulus discrimination is another phenomena that occurs with classical and operant conditioning. Discrimination is when an organism learns to respond to only one stimulus and inhibit the response to all other stimuli. It is the reverse of generalization. If an organism hears many different sounds, but is only given reinforcement for responding to only one of the sounds, it learns to discriminate between the sounds. Some of the differences between operant and classical conditioning lie in the extent to which reinforcement depends on the behavior of the learner. In classical conditioning, the learner is automatically reinforced. That is how it learns to respond to a once neutral stimulus. In operant conditioning, the learner must provide a correct response in order to received the reinforcement. Another difference between the two forms of conditioning is the type of behavior to which each method applies. Classical conditioning applies to a behavior that is always wanted. It was Pavlov’s purpose to have the dogs salivate on command. In operant conditioning, a behavior can be learned or extinguished. If you wanted to train a dog not to do something, you would use a form of punishment.
Classical and operant conditioning are similar, but they do differ in a few ways. Both are fairly reliable ways to teach an organism to act in a specific manor.
Другие работы по теме:
Phobia Essay Research Paper Phobias Irrational
Phobia Essay, Research Paper Phobias: Irrational Fear Fear of heights, fear of the number 13, fear of spiders, fear of small spaces. All of these fears are considered phobias. While there are many causes of phobias, one theory uses the notion of preparedness in Pavlovian conditioning. This is a way in which people learn to react to certain stimuli.
ADHD Essay Research Paper When Mrs Fallon
ADHD Essay, Research Paper When Mrs. Fallon first described this project to us, I was a little bit skeptical about it. I kept thinking that I had no problems in my life and that I didn?t
Bullfrogs Hearing Capacity Essay Research Paper The
Bullfrogs Hearing Capacity Essay, Research Paper The bullfrog belongs to the family Ranidae and is commonly known for their deep resonant croaks, large body size and large ears (tympani). These frogs have a body size of 20cm/ 8in and have legs that are longer than the body (25cm/10in). They reside in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Africa, and many others in quiet lakes and ponds.
Child Development Analysis Essay Research Paper How
Child Development Analysis Essay, Research Paper How to rev kids up to do what you ask,” is the sample to be discussed. Discussion The author, Hoffman introduces two experts, the magazine’s parenting columnist Lynn and
Psychology 2
Psychology – Learning Essay, Research Paper LEARNING There are many different kinds of ways that people and animals learn. People can adjust the way they learn to the different situations in which they are learning and what they have to learn. One form of learning is known as conditioning. Conditioning emphasises the relationship between stimuli and responses.
Agoraphobia Essay Essay Research Paper A phobic
Agoraphobia Essay Essay, Research Paper A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense, irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces.
Coaching Portfolio Sport Football Conditioning Essay Research
Paper Coaching Portfolio Sport: Football Conditioning: The conditioning program will focus on the two energy production systems, anaerobic and aerobic systems. The aerobic systems focuses more on long term conditioning. Such as jogging long distances, bicycling, swimming or dribbling a ball for long periods of time.
Behaviorism Essay Research Paper Behaviorism Notes and
Behaviorism Essay, Research Paper Behaviorism Notes and other Words Learning — A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience. Classical Conditioning — Responding Operand Conditioning — Acting Observational Conditioning — Observing Classical Conditioning — A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. -The organism as responding to the environment (fails to capture active nature of the organism and its influence on the environment. ) -Explains involuntary responses - Pavlov -Reflexes — Automatic stimulus-response connections. -Unconditional Stimulus (US) — A stimulus that provides a response without prior learning. -Unconditional Response — (UP) — An unlearned response that is automatically elected by the US -Conditioned Stimulus (CS) — Previous neutral stimulus that eventually
Operant Conditioning Essay Research Paper Introductory NarrativeSince
Operant Conditioning Essay, Research Paper Introductory Narrative Since the arrival of our twins undesirable behavior has manifested in one of our 11 yr. old. While initially very conscienscious in helping attend to the infants & her ordinary duties, she has become accustomed to playing with them mostly now.
Drugs Essay Research Paper Association of Drugs
Drugs Essay, Research Paper Association of Drugs and Pleasure Throughout life we are subjected to countless stimuli, and our responses to those stimuli shape and affect our lives and those surrounding us. This example of real life classical conditioning is one that took a negative affect on a close friend of mine.
Discussion On Classical Conditioning As An Explanation
Of Learning Essay, Research Paper We use the term “classical conditioning” to describe one type of associative learning in which there is no contingency between response and reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the experiment from Pavlov in the 1920s, where he trained his dogs to associate a bell ring with a food-reward.
Animal Inteligence Essay Research Paper Robotic AnimalsThe
Animal Inteligence Essay, Research Paper Robotic Animals??? The debate about the intelligence of animals has been one of the most frequently talked about subjects in the study of animal behavior. Are animals intelligent, or are the just doing what their instincts tell them to do. But if an animal only reacts on instinct, how have some animals been able to survive even though their environment has changed.
Clasical Conditioning Essay Research Paper Classical ConditioningWe
Clasical Conditioning Essay, Research Paper Classical Conditioning We can see learning taking place all the time, but there is no simple explanation of the process. Psychologists have examined four types of learning; one of these is classical conditioning or response learning. Classical conditioning is the easiest kind of learning.
Brave New World A Sterile Society Essay
, Research Paper ?Cleanliness is next to Fordliness?, was an attitude impressed upon the people of Aldous Huxley?s, Brave New World. A society free of disease and suffering was achieved through a technique of conditioning called hynopaedia. ?Civilization is sterilization?, was a hynopaedic slogan used to achieve the ideal society.
Human Behaviour Essay Research Paper Throughout the
Human Behaviour Essay, Research Paper Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, psychologists tended to believe that the explanations offered by classical and operant conditioning were fully adequate to understand human behaviour. Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus become associated, such that the former comes to elicit a response previously elicited only by the latter.
BF Skinner Essay Research Paper BF SkinnerPsychologist
B.F. Skinner Essay, Research Paper B.F. Skinner Psychologist, born in Susquhanna, Pa. He studied at Harvard, teaching there (1931-6, 1947-74). A leading behaviorist, he is a proponent of operant conditioning, and the inventor of the Skinner box for facilitating experimental observations.
Quiz 1 Essay Research Paper Tamara BoykinJune
Quiz 1 Essay, Research Paper Tamara Boykin June 26, 2000 Essay Question #1 Children raised in a single-parent home are not necessarily more prone to be social misfits (those who have behavioral problems and perform acts deemed as unacceptable by society) than children raised in a two-parent home.
Psychology Applied Essay Research Paper The ClassroomI
Psychology Applied Essay, Research Paper The Classroom I was placed in an eighth grade English class that is an inclusion classroom. Inclusion classrooms are general education classrooms that include children with special needs. These classrooms typically have one subject oriented teacher and one special education teacher.
Classical Learning Vs Operant Learning Essay Research
Paper There are many different fields of study in psychology. One field of study is the cognitive process of learning. Learning is any relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) resulting from experience (Baron G-7). The learning process helps us, all organisms, adapt to changing conditions in our environment and the world around us.
Memory Essay Research Paper 1There are many
Memory Essay, Research Paper There are many process of memory. The basic of them all are encoding, storage and retrieval. Your short-term memory (STM) has a limited time till the information is forgotten (10-30 seconds). Long-term memory (LTM) virtually has an unlimited storing capacity. Through process of consolidation and hints or cues you can retrieve past memory s and emotions.
Cardiovascular And Weight Training Essay Research Paper
Conditioning Weight Training Cardio-Vascular training is being hailed as one of the best ways to stop heart disease, and weight training has always been considered a great way to improve one’s self, but the great misnomer of each of these is that you can do one without the other. This is just plain wrong; to get the most out of a workout people need to condition as well as strength training.
Classical
& Operant Conditioni Essay, Research Paper A COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING. This essay outlines the basic principles of classical and operant conditioning and considers the similarities and differences between these two models of learning.
Serial Kill Essay Research Paper Who Is
Serial Kill Essay, Research Paper Who Is A Serial Killer? Who develops into a serial murderer? How does a serial killer operate? Is it genetics, biological, or cultural conditioning that makes these people killers? We all experience rage, yet we have all have the ability to control these behaviors. What sets us apart from a killer?
Personality Theory Essay Research Paper Chad AtwellPsychologyTuesday
Personality Theory Essay, Research Paper Chad Atwell Psychology Tuesday, October 03, 2000 Learning is defined as Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience (Coon). It is not, however, a temporary change caused by outside forces. Therefore, things such as motivation, disease and injury cannot be considered to be a form of learning.
Development Of Psychology Essay Research Paper John
Development Of Psychology Essay, Research Paper John Wilson Psychology Essay (Development of psychology) In the following essay I will explain the development of major schools in terms of distinguishing features and historical context.
Animal Behavior Essay Research Paper Animal BehaviorPsychology
Animal Behavior Essay, Research Paper Animal Behavior Psychology, a field of study in which knowing why people behave the way do is an important aspect into advancing our knowledge and our understanding of humans and human behavior. In order to achieve this advance, psychologists undergo research-involving animals.
Gay Marriage Essay Research Paper THE OPPRESSED
Gay Marriage Essay, Research Paper THE OPPRESSED GENDER It has been said that women are a universally oppressed gender. Unfortunately, I feel that this statement is totally true. The view that women are oppressed simply because men and most women too, have the wrong ideas about women can be too optimistic.
If I Were President Essay Research Paper
If I Were President If I were president as a teenager of course, my changes would benefit my age group. Shorter school days and air conditioning in all the schools should be mandatory. Lower the drinking age to 18 because if you can die for your country and choose your countries leaders, you should be able to choose to drink.
Classical Instruments Essay Research Paper Classical
Classical Instruments Essay, Research Paper Classical 1. Approx date: 1760 – 18102. Instruments: Piano ??????????????????????? ?Clarinet ??????????????????????? ?Transverse Flute3. Typical forms/structures: Symphony ??????????????????????????????????? ???????? Sonata ??????????????????????????????????? ???????? String Quartet ??????????????????????????????????? ???????? Opera ??????????????????????????????????? ???????? Mass4.
Mother Of Invention Essay Research Paper Necessity
Mother Of Invention Essay, Research Paper Necessity is the mother of invention? or is it? The real mother of invention is not necessity, but curiosity. From the discovery of electricity, the invention of the light bulb, car, airplane, and air conditioning to Global Positioning Satellite systems curiosity has been the reason behind the invention.