Now we come to
a very difficult set of problems, namely those connected
with the .
The chief
difficulty analysis has to face here is the absence of a mutual relation
between meaning and form. Sometimes the same external series of signs will have
two or more different meanings depending on factors lying outside the form
itself, and outside the meaning of the verb; sometimes the same modal meaning
will be expressed by two different series of external signs.
Let’s take,
for example, the sequence we should come, which means one thing in the
sentence:
I think we
should come here again to-morrow (here we should come is equivalent
to we ought to come); it means another thing in the
sentence:
If we knew
that he wants us we should come to see him (here we should come
denotes a conditional, i.e. an action depending on certain conditions), and it
means another thing again in the sentence:
How queer that we should come
at the very moment when you were talking about us! (here we should come denotes
an action which has actually taken place and which is considered as an object
for comment).
The second
point may be illustrated by comparing of two sentences, I suggest that he go
and he I suggest that should go, and we will for the present
neglect the fact that the first of the two variants is more typical of
American, and the second of British English.
Matters are still further
complicated by two phenomena where we are faced with a choice between polysemy
and homonymy. One of these concerns forms like lived, knew , etc. Such
forms appear in two types of contexts, of which one may be exemplified by the
sentences, He lived here five years ago, or I knew it all
alone, and the other by the sentences, If he lived here he would come
at once, or, If I knew his address I should write to him.
In sentences
of the first type the form obviously is the past tense of the indicative mood.
The second type admits of two interpretations: either the forms lived, knew,
etc are the same forms of past indicative that were used in the first type, but
they have acquired another meaning in this particular context, or else the
forms lived, knew, etc. are forms of some other mood, which only happen
to be homonymous with forms of the past indicative but are basically
different.
Subjunctive
mood may express suppositional or desirable action.
1. The verb to be has
in present tense the form be for all singular and plural persons.
The verb to be in the past tense has the form were for
singular and plural persons (I be, I were respectively).
2.
Forms be
or were are used for formation of Present and Past Subjunctive mood in
Passive voice (I be sent, I were sent respectively).
3.
All
other verbs in subjunctive mood differ from indicative mood by the form of the
third person of the Present time without ending –s.
Using of forms of Subjunctive mood.
I. The forms of Present
Subjunctive of the verb to be and of other verbs are used :
a) In subordinate clauses of
subject, beginning with conjunction that after impersonal turns such as:
it is necessary (необходимо), it is important (важно), it is desirable
(желательно) and so on:
Ex. It is desirable that
he be there at 5 o’clock. (Желательно, чтобы он был здесь в пять часов.)
b)
In
subordinate clauses of object, expressing order, offer, resoluteness, accord
– to order, to command приказать, to suggest, to propose предлагать, to decide решать, to agree соглашаться, договариваться.
The workers demanded
that the law be put into effect.
c)
In
subordinate clauses of purpose after conjunction lest:
Ex. They covered the goods
with canvas lest they be damaged by rain. (Они покрыли товар брезентом, чтобы они не были
повреждены дождем).
Present
Subjunctive is used mainly in the USA, in England this form is remained only in
official language (acts of the law, document); in a modern literary language
and in a spoken language Present Subjunctive is replaced by construction should
with infinitive.
The form of Past
Subjunctive of the verb to be- were is used:
a) In a subordinate part of
conditional sentences of the second type:
Ex. If he were
here, he would help us. (
Если бы он был здесь, он помог бы нам.)
If I were you, I
would accept their offer. (Если бы я был на вашем месте, я бы принял их предложение.)
b) In subordinate sentences
of course of action (образа действия), beginning with conjunctive as if:
Ex. He spoke as if
he were a specialist on the subject. ( Он говорил, как если бы он был специалистом по этому
вопросу.)
c) In subordinate sentences
of object with the verb to wish:
Ex. I wish he were
with! (Как я хотела,
чтобы он был с нами.)
From all forms of Subjunctive
mood the form were is the most spread, but it is often replaced by the
form was in the first and the third persons of a singular form. It is
especially typical for colloquial speech.
Ex. If he was
here, he would help us.
Thus, those few forms of the
Subjunctive mood that are preserved in the modern language are gradually ousted
from it.
The desirable and
suppositional actions are expressed also by the following combinations: should,
would, may, might plus infinitive, which perform the functions of the
Subjunctive mood.
Ex. There are some
suggestions that might help in our work. (Имеются некоторые предположения, которые могли бы
помочь в нашей работе).
Conditional sentences.
Conditional
sentences are closely connected with subjunctive (conditional) mood. There are
three types of conditional sentences.
Conditional
sentences of the first type express entirely real and realizable
suppositions and correspond in Russian language to conditional sentences
with verbs in indicative mood. These conditional sentences mostly
express suppositions referring to the future tens.
Ex. If the
weather is fine to-morrow, we shall go to the country. (Если завтра будет хорошая погода, мы поедем за город.)
There is no necessity to
further consider this type of conditional sentences as they do not conform to
the theme.
The
conditional sentences of the second type express incredible and improbable
suppositions. They refer to the present or future and in
Russian language agree with conditional sentences with verbs in Subjunctive
mood (i.e. in the form of past tens with the particle бы in Russian language). In the
conditional sentences of the second type in subordinate clause (in condition)
there used the form of Past Indefinite and in main clause (in
consequence) – a combination of should or would with Indefinite
Infinitive:
Ex. If Helen knew**
about Alice’s arrival (now), she would call her up. (Если бы Елена знала о
прибытии Алисы, она бы ей позвонила).
(Given
sentence is incredible as Helen does not know about Alice’s arrival that is why
she can not call her up.)
Ex. If my
brother had** a time now, he would help them. ( Если бы у моего брата было
время, он бы помог нам.)
(This sentence
is also impossible as the brother has not time now that is why he can not help
us.)
** We have here
Subjunctive mood which however coincides with the form of Past Indefinite of
Indicative mood.
The
combinations such as:
1. Should (with all
persons) with Infinitive without particle to;
2. Were (with all persons)
with Infinitive with particle to.
are used along with Past
Indefinite in order to underline a small possibility of realization of a
fact in future.
Ex. If I should
see him to-morrow,
I should
ask him about it.
If I were
to see him to-morrow,
I should
ask him about it.
(Если бы я увидел
его завтра, я спросил бы его об этом.)
In subordinate
clauses there used sometimes combinations of would with Infinitive. In
this case the verb would is not an auxiliary verb but serves to show a
request.
Ex. We should
be obliged if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter. (Мы были бы обязаны, если бы
Вы подтвердили (были любезны подтвердить) получение этого письма).
The following
examples of sentences may also be regarded as sentences of unreal conditions
for the present and future:
1.
I wish
I knew it. (Как жаль,
что я этого не знаю).
2.
I fear
lest he should be late. (Я боюсь, как бы он не опоздал).
3.
He
spoke as if he were a doctor. (Он говорил так, как-будто он доктор).
4.
I suggest
that he should go there too. (Я предлагаю, чтобы он тоже туда пошел).
5.
Knew Helen his address she
would visit him. (Знай
Елена его адрес, она бы навестила его).
6. It is necessary that he should come.
(Необходимо, чтобы он
пришел).
Conditional sentences of the third
type express suppositions referring to the past and that is why they
are unrealizable. Like the Conditional sentences of the second type they
correspond in Russian language to the Conditional sentences with a verb in Subjunctive
mood (i.e. with a verb in the form of past tens with a particle бы in Russian language).
In the
Conditional sentences of the third type in the subordinate clause (in the
condition) there used the form of Past Perfect and in the main
clause (in the consequence) there used a combination would with Perfect
Infinitive (without to).
Ex. If your
instructions had been received** ten days ago, the goods would have
been shipped by the S.S “Svir” yesterday. (Если бы ваши указания были получены
десять дней назад, товар был бы отгружен вчера пароходом «Свирь»).
** We have
here the form of Subjunctive mood which coincides with the form of Past Perfect
of Indicative mood.
The unreal
condition of the past moment can be expressed also by other ways:
1. Without
using of conjunction If:
Ex. Had
I seen him yesterday I should have informed him. (Увидь я его вчера, я бы сообщил ему
об этом.)
2. By using of
the model verb might:
Ex.
He might have done it if he tried.
(Он смог бы это
сделать, если бы попытался).
4. By using of the verb wish:
Ex.
I wish(ed) I had known him then.
(Как жаль, что я его не
знала тогда).
It is worth
while giving example of the case of using the Conditional sentences of the mixed
type:
Ex. If you had
worked harder then you would know English better. (Если бы ты занимался усерднее
(раньше, когда-то), (сейчас) ты бы знал английский лучше).
Finally, it is
appropriate mention here those scholars who devoted themselves to studying the
problems of moods:
M.
Deutschbein (he proposed 16 moods);
Prof.
Smirnitsky (he proposed the system of 6 moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive1,
subjunctive2, suppositional and conditional);
Prof. G.
Vorontsova;
M. Gantina
and N. Vasilevskaya and others.
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