Portfolio
Potseluev
Andrei Aleksandrovich
1. Grammar
Task
1
I
compared 2 grammar books. Practical English Usage by Michael Swan &. English
Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use by Raymond Murphy shows
the basic rules of grammar with using of visual methods, and lots of exercises,
which trains the users of this book. The book is intended for students of
intermediate level.
In
contrast to English Grammar in Use, Practical English Usage is theoretical
material. It contains hundreds of grammar rules with examples, focus reader's
attention on the most difficult points of English grammar for foreign learners
and the most common mistakes. The book is intended for higher level students
and for teachers.
They
both are useful for studying language. I think that training is essential
condition of success in learning, but good theory is on the basis of correct
speech.
I
would prefer Practical English Usage because it has helpful materials for
studying and teaching, easy explanations of difficult grammar aspects, a great
number of examples and “not to use examples”. It helps in all the forms of
performance.
Task
2
*Active
voice
In
an active sentence, the subject of the verb usually does or causes the action,
e.g. The car hit the tree.
*Passive
voice, progressive
In
a passive sentence, something is done to or happens to the subject of the verb,
e.g. The tree was hit by the car.
*
Clause
A
clause generally consists of a subject and a finite verb relating to the
subject and any other elements, e.g. object. A clause can be a full sentence or
a part of a sentence.
Main
clause
When
the teacher arrived, the learners stopped talking.
Subordinate
clause
When
the teacher arrived, the learners stopped talking.
Relative
clause
The
learners who were sitting near the front stood up.
*Modal
verb
A
modal verb is a verb used with other verbs to show ideas such as ability or
obligation or possibility. They include can, must, will, should, e.g. I can
speak French, but I should study even harder.
*Phrase
A
group of words often without a finite verb that do not form a sentence, e.g.
the green car, on Friday morning are phrases. Also a group of words that
together have a particular meaning.
*Question
tag
A
phrase such as isn’t it? or doesn’t he? that is added to the end
of a sentence to make it a question, or to check that someone agrees with the
statement just made, e.g. It’s very cold, isn’t it?
*Tense
A
form of the verb that shows whether something happens in the past, present or
future.
Future
forms
Future
with going to I’m going to visit
my aunt on Sunday. It’s going to rain.
Future
with present continuous He is meeting
John for dinner at eight tomorrow.
Future
with present simple The plane leaves at
9.00 next Saturday.
Future
with will or shall I’ll help with the
cleaning. It will be lovely and sunny tomorrow.
Past
continuous, progressive I was watching
TV all evening.
Past
perfect continuous, progressive
I had been studying for three hours so I felt tired
Past
perfect simple After I had phoned Mary,
I went out.
Past
simple I went on holiday to France last
year.
Present
continuous, progressive I am working in
London now.
Present
continuous, progressive for future He
is meeting John for dinner at eight tomorrow.
Present
perfect continuous, progressive I
have been studying for three years.
Present
perfect simple I have known him for a
long time.
Task
3
Web
dictionary www.vocabularyis less useful for learners than www.dictionary.cambrige
because the second one, besides dictionary, contains various activities for
studying language, as games, tests, texts and so on. Lexis is distributed to
topics. It helps to remember any material better, while www.voabulary gives
only lexicographic information
2. Lexis
Task
1
Dawn
Denotations
1)
noun
daybreak; sunrise.
2)
noun
the sky when light first appears in the morning
3)
noun
the beginning of something
4)
verb
to begin to grow light after the night
5)
verb
to begin to develop, appear, or expand
6)
verb
(usually foll by on or upon) to begin to become apparent (to)
Synonyms
Sunset,
daybreak , day spring, sunrise(1)
start,
commencing , origination, beginning(3)
arise(5)
occur(6)
Antonyms/opposites
Dusk,sundown(1)
End,
termination , close , finish , finale , wind-up (2)
Lexical
sets
natural
phenomena
Prefixes+
base word
(none)
Base
word+ suffixes
Dawnlike
Compounds
False
dawn
Collocations
from
dawn to dusk
Figurative
meaning
at
the dawn of civilization
since
the dawn of time
Aim(noun)
Denotations
1)
the action of directing something at an object
2)
the direction in which something is pointed; line of sighting (esp in the
phrase to take aim)
3)
the object at which something is aimed; target
4)
intention; purpose
Synonyms
intention
, design , purpose(4)
sight
, target (3)
Antonyms
(none)
Lexical
sets
(none)
Prefixes+
base word
(none)
Base
word+ suffixes
(none)
Compounds
chief
aim
Collocations
Aim
algorithm
Figurative
meaning
(none)
Blue
(adjective)
Denotations
1)
of the colour blue
2)
(of the flesh) having a purple tinge, as from cold or contusion
3)
depressed, moody, or unhappy
4)
dismal or depressing a blue day
5)
indecent, titillating, or pornographic blue films
Synonyms
sad
(3)
pornographic
(6)
Antonyms
cheerful
, exhilarated , glad, joyful , lively, merry(3)
Lexical
sets
Colours(1)
Mood(3)
Prefixes+
base word
(none)
Base
word+ suffixes
bluer,
bluest
Compounds
bluestocking
Collocations
Figurative
meaning
blue
water
blue
collar
Task
2
Affix
verb, affixation noun
A
meaningful group of letters added to the beginning or end of a word to make a
new word, which can be a different part of speech from the original word, e.g.
interview, interviewer. Affixation is the process of adding a prefix or suffix
to a word.
Homophone
A
word which sounds the same as another word, but has a different meaning or
spelling, e.g. I knew he had won;
I
bought a new book.
Phrasal
verb, multi-word verb/unit
A
verb/any part of speech which is made up of more than one word (e.g. a verb +
adverb particle or preposition) which has a different meaning from each
individual word, e.g. look after – A mother looks after her children.
Register
The
formality or informality of the language used in a particular situation. Formal
register or language is used in serious or important situations, e.g. in a job
application. Informal register or language is used in relaxed or friendly
situations, e.g. with family or friends.
Idiom
noun, idiomatic adjective
A
group of words that are used together, in which the meaning of the whole word
group is different from the meaning of each individual word, e.g. She felt
under the weather means that she felt ill.
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