In Greek
democracy means "government by the people" (demos - people, cratos -
power). A more detailed definition of democracy, which became a classic, was
given to U.S. President A. Lincoln in his famous speech hetysburskiy (1863):
rule of the people, chosen people and for the people. However, despite evidence
of the interpretation of democracy as a democracy, there are several problems
that belong to the contents and functioning democracy. These issues raise
serious dispute, as reflected in the emergence of various theories of
democracy, the emphasis on its various properties: freedom (liberalism),
equality (Marxism), people's participation in decision-making (participatory
theory or participatory democracy), competition for votes between elites
(elite theory).
In today's world is very
often misused word democracy. Most modern games
contain in its title the term "democratic", virtually all modern
political regimes, even authoritarian, pretend to be democratic. Such
freedom in using the term "democracy" and the very diversity of
interpretations of its nature makes some reputable scientists to conclude that
democracy - a concept that defies definition. Nevertheless, political
scientists, and various international organizations use this concept and agreed
on criteria that can be attributed or that a democratic regime [2, 211].
Whose main factors of a democratic
political regime are:
·
legal and factual guarantee human and
civil rights;
·
individual sovereignty;
·
pluralism of social and political life;
·
priority of civil society and rule of law;
·
creation of competitive power through fair elections;
·
legitimacy;
·
Implement the principle of separation of power;
·
existence of a multiparty system and political
competition;
·
institutionalization of conflict, the rule of law
regulating them;
·
consensus between the main social
structures;
·
basic unity of society, common citizens' interest in
maintaining social organization;
·
high professional and moral qualities of a leader [4].
But do not equate
democracy with the embodiment of all hopes, of which the person seeks.
Democracy not only has advantages, but can become a "tyranny of the
majority," degenerate into a dictatorship of Parliament or a parliamentary
majority. Strong government - generally
required, especially during establishment, but it can turn into an
authoritarian dictatorship. Nevyklyuchene of E. Fromm described the
phenomenon of "escape from freedom." And all the same humanity,
according to Winston Churchill, not yet invented anything better than
democracy.
Three waves of
democratization in the history of the modern world calls an American political
scientist S.P. Huntington in his book "The Third Wave: Democratization in
late XX Century" (1991). The origins of the first wave (1826-1926
biennium) are from Great American and the French revolutions. The formation of
democratic institutions was in the XIX century. in
countries such as USA, France, England, Switzerland and some Nordic countries,
the British Dominions. The main factors that contributed to it, were
industrialization, urbanization, the emergence of the bourgeoisie and middle
class "of the working class and its organizations, the gradual reduction
of economic inequality. The second wave of democratization (1943-1962 biennium)
caused by the Second World War. In some countries (Austria, Federal Republic of
Germany, Italy, South Korea, Japan) democracy was secured by military
occupation administration. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Colombia, Peru, Turkey, Ecuador took the road to democracy influenced the outcome of World War II,
including the defeat of totalitarian regimes. Another numerous group of
countries gained independence as a result of decolonization, which was also
initiated by the results of war, and on the path to democracy.
First two waves of
democratization were largely frozen, "washed" reverse wave, which
brought the establishment of various forms of authoritarian, totalitarian rule.
The first reverse wave (1922-1942 biennium) had came to power in Italy, Mussolini's fascist regime. And even in countries where democratic institutions are
kept (France, United Kingdom), affected by the economic crisis, depression grew
antidemocratic movement. The second reverse wave
(19581975 years) was ambitious, has captured most third world countries, where
firmly established - mostly through military coups - authoritarian regimes [1,
62].
The third wave of
democratization began in the mid-70's of XX century., Fueled, according to Huntington, five major factors.
The first
factor is due to undermine the legitimacy of authoritarian systems, as in
society is growing discontent over the failure of government promises no
mechanism for self-renewal of political leadership, the collapse of communist
regimes in Eastern Europe and the USSR undermined the possibility of
Marxism-Leninism as an alternative to democracy.
The second factor is due
to economic growth. Although, according to the author, the level of economic
development by itself is neither necessary nor sufficient condition for the
consolidation of democracy (some regimes of rich countries, particularly oil
exporters, is not democracy), economic factors in this process is significant. The transition to democracy should be primarily in
countries with medium levels of economic development economic growth after
World War II allowed many States to join the group of middle-income countries,
which expanded the potential base of democracy, economic spryalo transition to
it.
The third factor
associated with the adjustment of its position the Catholic Church. The fact
that modern democracies were formed especially in Christian countries, and
until recently Catholicism coexisted with authoritarian regimes. Change the
position of the Roman Catholic Church, which began to advocate the need for
social change, helping the poor, protection of human rights has stimulated a
wave of democratization.
The
fourth factor is dictated by the change in the early 70's foreign policy of
leading political forces - the U.S., former Soviet Union, European Community,
which was to support the ideas of democracy and human rights protection
The fifth factor is caused
by the development of global information systems. A
characteristic feature of the third wave of democratization is mainly used for
its development and approval of non-violence, compromise agreements, elections.
Their presence is increasingly important, given the scope of problems
facing the countries that enter into the third wave. According to Huntington, these are the problems of democracy:
a) development of a new
constitution and new electoral law;
b) purge the state
apparatus, the replacement officials proavtorytarnoyi targeting supporters of
democracy;
c)
cancellation or modification of laws that do not correspond to democracy;
d)
cancellation or fundamental reform of authoritarian institutions such as the
secret police;
e) one-party state in the
distribution of property rights, functions, personnel between state and party;
f) forming the main
political elites are able to work together to solve problems facing society and
to refrain from the temptation to exploit them in their group of economic and
political interests [3].
The main
characteristics of the liberal regime are: the separation of powers into
legislative, executive and judicial branches at the increasing importance of
legislative power, constitutionality, multi, absolute personal freedom, and
almost complete restriction of the competence and scope of the state, its
interference in the affairs of civil society, economic, social, spiritual
processes.
Features of the liberal regime
is, above all, it is to some extent, intermediate, transition from totalitarian
to democratic or authoritarian. Therefore, the lack of state control of the
liberal regime (hypertrophied role as a counterweight to it in previous cases)
leads to monopolies in various areas of life: a monopoly in politics - though
there is a multi, but real power is often only one party, other parties are not
her balances and do not compete with her
monopoly in the economy - the lack of equal competition initially leads to
economic growth, but then causes a decline in the economy.
In a liberal political
regime in a variety of forms of ownership is a continuing priority for public
ownership of means of production. But unlike the totalitarian society that is
also based on the priority of public property, now allowed the political
parties representing the whole spectrum of special interests. Authorities
regularly conducts dialogue with representatives of political parties in power
structures [2, 215].
The
liberal regime took place in Western Europe, where the Socialists came to power
(Sweden, Finland, France). But liberal regime occurred in the
economy, which effectively developing and society that is already on a
democratic path. The socialist experiment in such a pursuit very specific
purpose: to find the optimal balance between individual liberty and public
interest. Using the tools of violence, the Socialists, not in the distant
future by denying the need to replace private property public, tried to
subordinate state control and regulation of the major areas of production and
consumption. But initiating rapid development of political freedoms,
transparency, taking into account public opinion, alternative political and
state structures, a liberal regime would collapse in the economy - its
effectiveness has dropped sharply during the first steps towards
nationalization.
In modern terms the
Socialists of France and Spain who are in power, rejected the idea of
nationalizing the economy, seeing its devastating impact. Moreover, the
privatization process is conducted at their insistence. But the Socialists did
not relinquish the utopian idea of the possibility of achieving full equality
of people and social justice. Appeal of socialist ideas as a liberal political
regime, is now insignificant for the so-called "far abroad", but
remains a subject of debate in political circles, the Commonwealth of
Independent States and the democracies of Eastern Europe.
The presence of liberal
democracy is largely determined implemented effectively matched regime
principles and the above criteria. For example, Canada is officially a
monarchy, but actually operated by a democratically elected parliament. The UK
has the highest authority formally hereditary monarch, but in fact this
government has the people, through representatives chosen by him (as there are
opposing views that parliamentarism in the UK - just a screen for the absolute
monarchy). Monarchy in these countries is largely symbolic.
Scandinavia is the
Social-Democracy. This is a high level of social protection, equality in
standards of living, free secondary education and health, significant public
sector in the economy and high taxes. However, in these countries, no
government intervention in the pricing (even in the public sector, with the exception
of monopolies), private banks, and there are no barriers to trade, including
international, effective laws and transparent system of government safely
protect the civil rights of people and property entrepreneurs.
Several
organizations and political analysts are rating the level of liberal democracy
in the world. These estimates are the most popular
Polity Data Set, Freedom in the World, consisting American organization Freedom
House index of democracy and the magazine «Economist» [1, 64].
democracy liberal political regime
List of sources
1. Breheda AY Politics: navch.
method. Guide to Random. Study. discitis. / AY
Breheda. - K.: MBK, 1999. - 108 sec.
2. Politics
modeling training I. / I. modeling training, KN Levkovsky, VPAndrushchenko et
al.; For common. yet. I. modeling training, KN Levkovskoe. - K.: High
School, 1998. - 304 sec.
3. Typы of
political regimes [electronic resource] / / State and Government. - Mode of
access:. state.rin/cgi-bin/main.pl?id=75&r=29.
4. Tsыhankov AP Modern polytycheskye rezhymы [electronic resource] / Sociology in Ukraine. - Mode of
access: sociolog.in.ua/view_book.php?id=1418.
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