Министерство транспорта Российской Федерации (Минтранс России).
Федеральное агентство воздушного транспорта (Росавиация).
ФГОУ ВПО Санкт-Петербургский Университет Гражданской Авиации.
Статья.
По предмету: Английский язык.
На тему: Radar coverage.
Выполнил студент 2го курса,
894 группы, ИТ факультета
Макаров А.Е.
Приняла: Егорова О.В.
Санкт-Петербург
2010 год
Radar coverage
Since centers control a large airspace area, they will typically use long range radar that has the capability, at higher altitudes, to see aircraft within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the radar antenna.
In the U.S. system, at higher altitudes, over 90% of the U.S. airspace is covered by radar and often by multiple radar systems. A center may require numerous radar systems to cover the airspace, and may also rely on pilot position reports from aircraft flying below the floor of radar coverage. This results in a large amount of data being available to the controller. To address this, automation systems have been designed that consolidate the radar data for the controller. This consolidation includes eliminating duplicate radar returns, ensuring the best radar for each geographical area is providing the data, and displaying the data in an effective format.
Some Air Navigation Service Providers (e.g. Airservices Australia, The Federal Aviation Administration, NAV CANADA, etc.) have implemented Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS) as part of their surveillance capability. This new technology reverses the radar concept. Instead of radar "finding" a target by interrogating the transponder, the ADS-equipped aircraft sends a position report as determined by the navigation equipment on board the aircraft. Normally, ADS operates in the "contract" mode where the aircraft reports a position, automatically or initiated by the pilot, based on a predetermined time interval. It is also possible for controllers to request more frequent reports to more quickly establish aircraft position for specific reasons. However, since the cost for each report is charged by the ADS service providers to the company operating the aircraft, more frequent reports are not commonly requested except in emergency situations. ADS is significant because it can be used where it is not possible to locate the infrastructure for a radar system (e.g. over water). This technology is currently used in portions of the North Atlantic and the Pacific by a variety of states who share responsibility for the control of this airspace.
A Radar Archive System (RAS) keeps an electronic record of all radar information, preserving it for a few weeks. This information can be useful for search and rescue. When an aircraft has 'disappeared' from radar screens, a controller can review the last radar returns from the aircraft to determine its likely position.
Зона действия радиолокатора.
Since centers control a large airspace area, they will typically use long range radar that has the capability, at higher altitudes, to see aircraft within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of the radar antenna. Так как службы радиолокации контролируют огромную область воздушного пространства, они, как правило, используют радиолокаторы дальнего действия, которые имеют возможность, на больших высотах, обнаруживать воздушные суда в пределах 200 морских миль (370 км) от радиолокационной антенны.
In the US system, at higher altitudes, over 90% of the US airspace is covered by radar and often by multiple radar systems; however, coverage may be inconsistent at lower altitudes used by unpressurized aircraft due to high terrain or distance from radar facilities. В американской системе, на больших высотах, более 90% воздушного пространства США покрывается радаром, а чаще несколькими радиолокационными системами. Службе радиолокации могут потребоваться многочисленные радиолокационные системы для покрытия воздушного пространства, а также она может полагаться на отчеты пилота о позиции самолета летящего ниже зоны действия радиолокаторов.This results in a large amount of data being available to the controller. В результате в распоряжение диспетчера поступает огромное количество данных. To address this, automation systems have been designed that consolidate the radar data for the controller. Для решения этой проблемы были разработаны автоматизированные системы, которые фильтруют радиолокационные данные для диспетчера. This consolidation includes eliminating duplicate radar returns, ensuring the best radar for each geographical area is providing the data, and displaying the data in an effective format. Эта фильтрация включает устранение дублирования отраженного радиосигнала, обеспечивая лучшее предоставление радиолокационных данных по каждой географической области и отображения данных в эффективном формате.
Some Air Navigation Service Providers (eg Airservices Australia, The Federal Aviation Administration, NAV CANADA , etc.) have implemented Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast ( ADS-B ) as part of their surveillance capability. Некоторые поставщики аэронавигационного оборудования(например, Airservices Australia, Федеральное управление гражданской авиации, NAV CANADA и др.) расширяют возможности наблюдения посредством дополнительного автоматического контроля (ADS). This new technology reverses the radar concept. Эта новая технология меняет концепцию радара. Instead of radar "finding" a target by interrogating the transponder, the ADS-equipped aircraft sends a position report as determined by the navigation equipment on board the aircraft. Вместо радарного "поиска" цели посредством запроса радио ответчика, суда оборудованные ADS посылают отчет о позиции, определяемой навигационным оборудованием на борту самолета. Normally, ADS operates in the "contract" mode where the aircraft reports a position, automatically or initiated by the pilot, based on a predetermined time interval. Как правило, ADS работает в "договорном" режиме, в котором самолет докладывает позицию, автоматически или по инициативе пилота, основываясь на заданном интервале времени. It is also possible for controllers to request more frequent reports to more quickly establish aircraft position for specific reasons. Это также дает возможность диспетчерам по определенным причинам запрашивать более частые отчеты для более быстрого определения позиции самолета. However, since the cost for each report is charged by the ADS service providers to the company operating the aircraft, more frequent reports are not commonly requested except in emergency situations. Однако, поскольку стоимость каждого отчета взимается поставщиками услуг ADS у компании, владеющей этими самолетами, более частые отчеты обычно не запрашивают за исключением чрезвычайных ситуаций. ADS is significant because it can be used where it is not possible to locate the infrastructure for a radar system (eg over water). ADS важен, потому что его можно использовать там, где невозможно разместить основу для системы радиолокации (например, над водой). Computerized radar displays are now being designed to accept ADS inputs as part of the display.Эта технология в настоящее время используется в части Североатлантического и Тихого океанов различными государствами, которые разделяют ответственность за контроль над этим воздушным пространством.
A Radar Archive System (RAS) keeps an electronic record of all radar information, preserving it for a few weeks. Радиолокационный Архив Системы (РАС) сохраняет электронную запись всей радиолокационной информации, храня ее в течение нескольких недель. This information can be useful for search and rescue. Эта информация может быть полезна для поиска и спасения. When an aircraft has 'disappeared' from radar screens, a controller can review the last radar returns from the aircraft to determine its likely position. Когда самолет "исчез" с экранов радаров, диспетчер может просмотреть последние показания радара принятые с самолета, чтобы определить его вероятное местоположение. For example, see this crash report. [ 3 ] RAS is also useful to technicians who are maintaining radar systems.
Vocabulary
Radar coverage – зона действия радиолокатора
Centers – службы радиолокации (здесь)
Long range radar – радиолокатор дальнего действия
Nautical miles – морские мили
Data – данные
Consolidation – фильтрация
Radar returns – отраженный радиосигнал
ADS (Automatic Dependent Surveillance) – дополнительный автоматический контроль
Interrogating – запрос
Transponder – радио ответчик
Emergency situations – чрезвычайные ситуации
RAS (Radar Archive System) – (РАС) радиолокационный архив системы
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