The Cold War Essay, Research Paper
During the administration of United States President John F. Kennedy, the Cold War reached its most dangerous state, and the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) came to the edge of nuclear war in what was known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. What was the Cold War? What started the tensions between the United States and the USSR? What actions were taken and how were the problems resolved? All of these questions and more shall be answered in this paper.
The Cold War was a struggle between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union. Although direct military conflict never took place, diplomatic and economic struggles occurred. The Cold War began when Joseph Stalin, leader of the Communist Party, used the Red Army to take control of most of the countries of Eastern Europe. The United States as well as Western European countries were greatly concerned. In response to Stalin’s military movements, President Harry Truman issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947. In his address to Congress, President Truman asked that the United States would aid any country that asked for help in resisting communism. The Truman Doctrine became known as the basis for containment, the policy to keep communism from spreading to other countries. After the Truman Doctrine, George Catlett Marshall, Secretary of State, proposed the Marshall Plan, the European Recovery Program through which the United States provided aid to Western Europe after World War 2, in June 1947. The Marshall Plan was offered to all European countries, but Stalin would not let the countries his military was occupying take part. In April 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed. The countries involved in this pact were the United States, Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal. The NATO agreement said that “an armed attack against one or more of its members in Europe and America shall be considered an attack against them all.” To ward off aggressors, American forces and nuclear weapons were to be kept in Western Europe. In response to NATO, the Soviet Union formed a similar pact between seven Eastern European countries called the Warsaw Treaty Organization, or Warsaw Pact. The countries involved along with the Soviet Union were Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.
While these pacts were forming, the United States and the Soviet Union were in an arms race. They were building lots of nuclear weapons, trying to outproduce each other so that neither dare attack. This policy is called deterrence. By 1952, the United States tested a hydrogen bomb, a bomb more powerful than an atomic bomb. A year later, the Soviet Union also tested a hydrogen bomb. Both countries developed rockets that had nuclear warheads. By 1957, the Soviet Union had developed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM’s). ICBM’s could reach targets all over the world.
While arms were building up, the Soviet Union went through a major change in power. In 1953, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Communist Party, died. After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev took over the Communist Party. Khrushchev made things different. He said that the Soviet Union would follow a policy of “peaceful coexistence” with the West. This “peace” was to continue until the early sixties, when new conflicts surfaced.
In the early 1960’s, new tensions arose between the United States and the USSR when Fidel Castro openly embraced communism and allied with the Soviet Union. Anastas Mikoyan, the Soviet First Deputy Prime Minister, negotiated this alliance. Increasing friction between the United States and the Soviet Union caused President Dwight D. Eisenhower to sever diplomatic ties with Cuba. This was the unofficial beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis. Before the ties were severed, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) had been training Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of Cuba. Newly inaugurated President John F. Kennedy approved this invasion on April 12, 1961. On April 14, 1961, a group of B-26 bombers, which were piloted by Cuban exiles, attacked air bases in Cuba. This raid was designed to destroy most of Castro’s air power before the land invasion was to take place. On April 17, 1961, the land invasion of Cuba took place at the Bay of Pigs. The invasion forces consisted of about 1400 Cuban exiles. Not much was achieved, though. Cuban ground forces quickly stopped the invasion. Of the 1400 Cuban exiles, 114 were killed and 1,189 were captured.
After the invasion in Cuba took place, more tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union surfaced. In August 1961, the East German government, which was occupied by the Soviet Union, built the Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall was a wall dividing West Berlin and East Berlin. It was 12 feet high and 28 miles long. Guards were on watch constantly and mines were placed around the wall to discourage escaping.
After the Berlin Wall, the United States’ worst fear came true. On October 14, 1962, U.S. spy planes spotted the first ballistic missile on Cuba. President Kennedy decided to take action. He had several options, invasion, air strikes, a blockade, or diplomacy. On October 22, 1962, President Kennedy ordered a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent the arrival of more missiles. President Kennedy announced that he would turn back ships with the intent of delivering missiles to Cuba. He also pledged full retaliation against the Soviet Union if even one missile is fired from Cuba toward any country in the Western Hemisphere. President Kennedy demanded that Khrushchev dismantles and removes the missiles that were placed in Cuba. Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles and offered an on-site inspection. Kennedy agreed and removed the naval blockade from Cuba. Castro felt differently about the inspections. He wouldn’t allow them. The inspections weren’t needed. U.S. aerial reconnaissance planes revealed that the missile bases were being dismantled.
The Cuban Missile Crisis had ended. Nuclear war had been averted, but the end of the Cuban Missile Crisis didn’t end the Cold War. The Cold War didn’t “end” until the early nineties, when Mikhail Gorbechev and George Bush ended the superpower rivalry.
Другие работы по теме:
Descriptive Essay About A Comp Essay Research
Paper The Computer A computer is a very unique machine. It has many different parts and a lot of different noises. Some parts are hot, and some are cold. Computers have many different sounds that they make. Depending on the sound it makes, it could have a problem. When your computer beeps at you. It normally means that an error has occurred and that it needs to be fixed.
Downhill Skiing Essay Research Paper Style Exercise
Downhill Skiing Essay, Research Paper Style Exercise 1 I can still remember the first time I went downhill skiing; it was a cold and dry November day with little snowfall. Most of the snow on the hills was that polished, jet blown, artificial-ice/pseudo-snow; not the best situation for a first timer.
Estella Essay Research Paper Estella
Estella Essay, Research Paper Estella – Miss Havisham’s beautiful young ward, Estella is Pip’s unattainable dream throughout the novel. He loves her passionately, but though she sometimes seems to consider him a friend, she is usually cold, cruel, and disinterested in him. As they grow up together, she repeatedly warns him that she has no heart.
Poems Essay Research Paper SnowAs the soft
Poems Essay, Research Paper Snow As the soft snow covers the earth like a blanket A supreme calmness comes over me Though the weather is cold i feel it not For the warmth of my heart is burning like a furnace
Cuban Missile Crisis Essay Research Paper Ever
Cuban Missile Crisis Essay, Research Paper Ever since the Soviet Union defeated the United States in the Cold War by launching ?Sputnik? into orbit first, they thought that they had the ?upper-hand?. Soviet intelligence therefore thought they had superior intercontinental missiles. They would soon find out that they were evenly matched by the United States.
I Have To Be With You Essay
, Research Paper I felt the breath of the wind tickling my back, I felt the cold hands of the clouds on my face. I could hear the whisper of the ground in my ear..echoing in my head.
Hirosema Essay Research Paper The bombing of
Hirosema Essay, Research Paper The bombing of Hiroshima has been a highly disputed piece of history for generations. Their are very strong opinions on either side of the fence, although choosing a side is harder than meets the eye. After researching the cold facts I have humbly changed my opinion of the matter.
Jane Erye Essay Research Paper Jane Erye
Jane Erye Essay, Research Paper Jane Erye’s Life So far I have been able to compare Jane Erye to life today. The beginning pages describe this part of Jane’s life as cold, dark, and alone. The lines about of winter in Bewick allude to her life at this time, “centuries of winter…of extreme cold…Of these death-white realms I formed an idea of my own: shadowy. ” She is like the rock standing up alone in a sea of billow and spray; the broken boat stranded on a desolate coast; to the cold and gastly moon glancing through the bars of a cloud at a wreck just sinking.” As I first read this I thought of Jane as the moon looking throught the bars, like later when she is locked in the red room.” No jail was ever more secure,” then I thought that the cold and ghastly moon was Mrs.
Grass Essay Research Paper GrassI always like
Grass Essay, Research Paper Grass I always like to watch the grass grow, in summer is pretty green, but in winter is pretty ugly, and you could see really the difference, is because of the weather hot and cold. Now the grass is ugly is like brown, but in summer is very pretty and I al
Ozone Essay Research Paper NASA and EU
Ozone Essay, Research Paper NASA and EU Report Massive Arctic Ozone Loss Scientists from NASA and the European Union blamed the long, cold winter and human-made pollution for one of the largest ozone losses to record. The study was conducted between January and March with the use of NASA?s high-tech ER-2 plane.
Cold Sassy Tree By Olive Ann Burns
Essay, Research Paper In Cold Sassy Tree by Olive Ann Burns she emphasizes on the civilization that determines each characters fate. The use of figurative
Cold Mountaint Essay Research Paper COLD MOUNTAINSince
Cold Mountaint Essay, Research Paper COLD MOUNTAIN Since Cold Mountain does not heavily rely on dialogue to tell the story, the point of view Frazier uses to narrate the story is important: He must create the effect of being enveloped in two separate worlds, and give insight into characters who have no one to discuss their thoughts with.
College Essay Essay Research Paper he stranger
College Essay Essay, Research Paper he stranger arrived in Iping on a cold day in February, garbed head to foot in an ensemble that seemed to come straight from a theatrical wardrobe,
Just A Poem Essay Research Paper And
Just A Poem Essay, Research Paper And if you should crash down and break apart If all your dreams should shatter and burn in the fire And if all that you can see is the darkness at the end
Solar Oven Essay Research Paper Solar OvenWhy
Solar Oven Essay, Research Paper Solar Oven Why it will work: It will work because the cold air under the box will be separated by four (4) wood pegs. The black, non-glossy paint will attract heat, rather than
Poem My Journey Essay Research Paper My
Poem: My Journey Essay, Research Paper My Journey My journey through Nature’s community, A community of green Aging giants of nature. Standing in brown dead needles,
The Cold Within Essay Research Paper The
The Cold Within Essay, Research Paper The Cold Within Six humans trapped by happenstance in black and bitter cold Each possessed a stick of wood, Or so the story’s told.
Common Cold Essay Research Paper Common ColdThe
Common Cold Essay, Research Paper Common ColdThe common cold is can be a result of over one hundred different types of viruses. Symptoms of the disease include nasal congestion and discharge, sore throat, and coughing. This infectious disease is difficult to treat, the cause of absenteeism in schools and industry, and may become more serious if not treated correctly.The common cold is difficult to treat because it can be caused by more than one hundred different viruses.
Cold New World Essay Research Paper Cold
Cold New World Essay, Research Paper Cold New World: Summary Just from reading the introduction I feel that “Cold New World is a perfect title for this novel. The author tells about his shift into a known, but unknown new place. I have been living in America for twenty-one years and I would have to agree with the author when he says that this country was (and is) in a strange, even an unprecedented condition.
Cold Blood Essay Research Paper In Cold
Cold Blood Essay, Research Paper In Cold BloodIn Cold Blood is Truman Capote’s 1965 “nonfiction novel” re-creation of the sensational and mesmerizing events and people surrounding the brutal slaying of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas. The book covers the events leading up to the murders in both the victims’ and the murderers’ lives, the crime, and the aftermath, including the police investigation, trial, imprisonment, and eventual hanging of the two young murderers, Richard Hickock and Perry Smith.
Common Cold Essay Research Paper Common ColdWhat
Common Cold Essay, Research Paper Common Cold What is the common cold? A common cold is a contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract. The symptom of a common cold are stuffy nose, congestion, runny nose, fever, headache, cough, sore throat or fatigue in the body. A common cold could have one or a few of these symptoms.
Crash Down Essay Research Paper And if
Crash Down Essay, Research Paper And if you should crash down and break apart If all your dreams should shatter and burn in the fire And if all that you can see is the darkness at the end
Symbolism In Whitman
’s OCaptain! May Cap Essay, Research Paper O Captain! My Captain! By Walt Whitman O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done. The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,
Speech And You Essay Research Paper Mrs
Speech And You Essay, Research Paper Mrs. Sirof Chris Medici English 3r Per 1 From the memior of Jenn Gooley As the sun rose up that summer day on the beach of Fire Island, Jen
Conflicts Essay Research Paper ConflictsIn the three
Conflicts Essay, Research Paper Conflicts In the three stories To Build a Fire, The Use of Force, and A and P there are some different conflicts. A conflict is struggle between two or more objects. In these stories the three different conflicts are man versus nature, man versus man, and man versus self. The three stories that contain these conflicts are To Build a Fire by Jack London, The Use of Force by Williams Carlos Williams, and A and P by John Updike.
Conflicts Essay Research Paper There are many
Conflicts Essay, Research Paper There are many conflicts shown in ?The Bass, The River and Sheila Mant? that are different from ?The Cold Equations? In this English paper I will explain to you three
Why Was The
“Cold War” Called The “Cold War”. Essay, Research Paper Why was the Cold War named the cold war? It was named the Cold War because it possessed the longest length of time of any war, in modern history, in which two nations were at odds without engaging in direct battle. The Term Cold War was used to describe the shifting struggle for power and prestige between the Western powers and the Communist syndicate from the end of World War II until 1989.
Cold War Essay Research Paper Cold WarThe
Cold War Essay, Research Paper Cold War The cold war was something that grew out from the breakdown of the western-soviet coalition against Hitler’s Germany and the countries allies during World
International Relations Realism Essay Research Paper In
International Relations: Realism Essay, Research Paper In the discipline of International Relations realism, which developed as a reaction to idealism during the Cold War, has become the dominant school of thought . Realism makes power the currency of international politics. Realist argue that by accumulating power states can ensure the security of the population within the state.
Independence Day Relfection Essay Research Paper Independence
Independence Day Relfection Essay, Research Paper Independence Day! A day of celebration for all ages and races. Independence Day was the day in which the nation of Stars and Stripes became free and independent from the British. A day when the 13 colonies united to become one. It’s now a day when Americans commemorate the signing of the Declaration of Independence by kicking back and having a cold one.