Leibniz Essay, Research Paper
The Life and Works of Gottfried von Leibniz
Gottfried von Leibniz, born on July 1st, 1646, was a German philosopher, as well as a mathematician, a universal genius, and a founder of modern science. He foresaw the development of symbolic logic and, unconnected with Isaac Newton, invented the calculus with a superior notation, including the symbols for integration and differentiation. He expressed a theory of substance based on monads, which were metaphysical and animistically bestowed points of force and perception. Leibniz also supported Christian ecumenism in religion, organized Roman laws and introduced natural law in jurisprudence, proposed the metaphysical law of optimism (attacked with wit by Voltaire in Candied) that our universe is the “best of all possible worlds,” and transmitted Chinese thought to Europe. For his work, he is considered a forefather of German idealism and a pioneer of the Enlightenment. Leibniz was the son of a professor of moral philosophy at Leipzig. An advanced youth, Leibniz taught himself Latin and some Greek by age 12 so that he could read the books in his father’s library. From 1661 to 1666 he majored in law at the University of Leipzig.
When refused admission to its doctoral program in law in 1666, he went to the
University of Altdorf, which awarded him the doctorate in jurisprudence in 1667.
In the tradition of Cicero and Francis Bacon, Leibniz chose to pursue the active life of a sycophant. He thus declined a chance to become a professor at Altdorf because he had “very different things in view.” After serving as secretary of the Rosicrucian Society in Nuremberg in 1667, he moved to Frankfurt to work on legal improvement. From 1668 to 1673 he served as the elector-archbishop of Mainz. He was sent to Paris in 1672 to try to dissuade Louis XIV from attacking German areas. Leibniz proposed a campaign against Egypt and the Levant as well as building a canal through the Isthmus of Suez. Although his proposals were unnoticed, Leibniz remained until 1676 in Paris, where he practiced law, examined Cartesian thought with Nicolas de Malebranche and Antoine Arnauld, and studied mathematics and physics under Christian Huygens. From 1676 until his death on November the 4th, 1716, Leibniz served the Brunswick family in Hanover as librarian, judge, and minister. After 1686 he served primarily as historian, preparing a genealogy of the Hanovers based on the careful examination of primary source materials. In search of sources, he traveled to Austria and Italy from 1687 to 1690. Because of his Lutheran background, he declined the position of custodian of the Vatican Library, which required his conversion to Catholicism.
In his later years, Leibniz attempted to build an organized framework for the sciences in central Europe and Russia. At his pleading, the Brandenburg Society (Berlin Academy of Science) was founded in 1700. He met several times with Peter the Great to recommend educational changes in Russia and proposed what later became the Saint Petersburg Academy of Science. Although shy and bookish, Leibniz knew no master in disputation. After 1700 he opposed John Locke’s theory that the mind is a tabula rasa (blank tablet) at birth and that we learn only through the senses. He strongly protested the Royal Society’s charge (1712-13) of plagiarism against him regarding the invention of the calculus. In his final debate with Samuel Clarke, who defended Newtonian science, Leibniz argued that space, time, and motion are relative.
Leibniz’s most important works are the Essais de Theodicee (1710; Eng. trans (1951), in which much of his general philosophy is found, and the Monadology (1714; trans. as The Monadology and other Philosophical Writings, 1898), in which he stated his theory of monads. His work was put in order and modified in the 18th century by the German philosopher Christian Wolff. Altogether, the life and works of Gottfried von Leibniz was an essential part to the mathematics of today.
Другие работы по теме:
Уойд, Карл Годфри
Введение 1 Биография 2 Работы Список литературы Введение Карл Годфри Уойд (Чарльз Годфри Уойд) (англ. Carl Gottfried Woide) род. в 1725 г. в Польше, умер в 1790 г., священник в Германской Королевской Капелле, библиотекарь, востоковед.
Плокке, Готфрид
Готфрид Плокке (нем. Gottfried Ploucquet; 25 августа 1716, Штутгарт — 13 сентября 1790, Тюбинген) — немецкий философ и логик, один из наиболее известных преподавателей логики и метафизики XVIII века, профессор (с 1750 года).
Таннауер, Иоганн Готфрид
Иоганн Готфрид Таннауер (нем. Johann Gottfried Tannauer, возможно Dannhauer, 1680—1733 или 1737) — немецкий живописец, портретист, миниатюрист. Придворный художник при Петре I. Работал в Российской империи с 1711 по 1737(3?) г.
Living Theater Essay Research Paper The Living
Living Theater Essay, Research Paper The Living Theater The Living Theater is a theatrical company that took a different road than those of traditional theaters. Lead by Julian Beck and Judith Malina, the Living Theater smashed the barriers between art and politics. This far left-wing company was ready for a new theater, a theater that was out to change the state of things, performing plays that were not being done and doing them in new untried ways(Gottfried 95).
Jesus In John Essay Research Paper Jesus
Jesus In John Essay, Research Paper Jesus in John When reading the gospels of the New Testament, it becomes evident that the personality of each of the authors affected their understanding, interpretation, and impression of Jesus and his works. In John, the gospel that I chose to read for this paper, Jesus is portrayed in a more godlike, omnipotent manner.
A Critical Survey Of Poe Essay Research
Paper Poe is unquestionably one of the great American writers of all time. He was far ahead of his time with his vision of a special area of human experience the “inner world” of dream, hallucination, and imagination. There is a distinct connection between Poe’s nightmarish life and his works. His fictional works resemble a distressed individual who has a pattern of dreams night after night with the same repeating tone of terror.
George Eliot History And Style Essay Research
Paper One of the most astounding facts about George Eliot is that ?he? is actually a woman, whose real name is Marian Evans. She was born during the era of Victorian literature, and she grew up with a wide variety of people, including her family, who have all played an influential role in her life. Besides people and her family, her love life was also a very influential factor in her style of writing and the content of her works.
Rimbaud Essay Research Paper Part II
Rimbaud Essay, Research Paper Part II A man so confused and confusing as Arthur Rimbaud, it is a wonder that he can even be analyzed, critiqued, and judged by his literary works. Never the less it has been done, however how accurate can they be, when even Rimbaud said in his Lettre Du Voyant that for the I is someone else.
Walt Whitman I Sit And Look Essay
, Research Paper I SIT AND LOOK Throughout various works of literature, one can find numerous parallels. It is possible to see two works with mood and tone alike. Just as it is common to see two works that differ completely from one another in that sense. However, there is one parallel that can almost be guaranteed in all works of literature.
Isaac Netwon Essay Research Paper Sir Isaac
Isaac Netwon Essay, Research Paper Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz are both accredited for the discovery of Calculus. Both of these men were born about the same and died around the same time. Both were known as supreme intellects of the 17th century.
Life Of Equiano Essay Research Paper Olaudah
Life Of Equiano Essay, Research Paper Olaudah Equiano (Gustavus Vassa) was kidnapped from his African village at the age of eleven. Shipped through the ardous “Middle Passge” of the Altantic Ocean. More than two centuries later, this work is recognized not only as one of the first works written in English by a former slave, but perhaps more important as the paradigm of the slave narrative, a new literary genre.
Asoka Essay Research Paper AsokaAsoka was the
Asoka Essay, Research Paper Asoka Asoka was the third member of the Mauryan dynasty and the grandson of the founder of the first Indian empire, Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha. Some say Asoka was the most powerful monarch to embrace Buddhism. Asoka was born in 304 B.C. and came to power in 270 B.C. after a short struggle in which one of his brothers was killed.
What Is Calculus Essay Research Paper What
What Is Calculus Essay, Research Paper What is Calculus? A definition found of calculus in a dictionary was this; a method of computation or calculation in a special notation (as of logic or symbolic logic). The historical perspective of calculus is that people had a problem in finding areas and finding tangent lines.
Human Nature Essay Research Paper My belief
Human Nature Essay, Research Paper My belief about human nature is best summarized by the thoughts of Fr. Montaigne. I think that the idea that man is a hypocritical and contradictory is
Starting Again Essay Research Paper Start AgainStarting
Starting Again Essay, Research Paper Start Again Starting a new life in another country can be extremely stressful. To adapt to a different culture, to lack of financial support and absence of the family can be a very threatening situation.
Philosophy Goal In My Life Essay Research
Paper PHILOSOPHY: I have a goal in my life… to read and understand the works of the greatest philosophers of all cultures. For now, I am trying to get more familiar to them, to their ideologies. Nietzsche is the one I strongest admire at the moment, for the strength he proves to have in everything he writes
Sir Isaac Newton And Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Essay, Research Paper Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz are two of the most supreme intellects of the 17th century. They are both considered to be the inventors
Comparison Of Langston Hues Peices Essay Research
Paper The short story ?Thank You, Ma?am? and the poem ?Mother to Son?, both by Langston Hughes are similar yet differ in many ways. In the following paragraphs I will explain the similarities and the differences.
Addicted To Love Essay Research Paper Addicted
Addicted To Love Essay, Research Paper Addicted to Love In Gottfried Von Strassburg s retelling of the ancient romance, Tristan, love s portrayal as a psychological disease is considerable. For Rivalin and Blancheflor, Tristan and Isolde, and also King Mark, the affliction causes them to act in a way that they would normally shun.
The Positive Effects Of The Bubonic Plag
Essay, Research Paper The Positive Effects of the Bubonic Plague In the summer of 1665 in the hot arid east, a devastating plague wiped out a multitude of people. Many whole families were wiped out, and civilizations took many years to begin to recover. To despite the many detrimental effects of the Bubonic Plague, there were positive results from this atrocity.
William Golding Life Outline Essay Research Paper
William Golding s Life Outline William Golding led a fulfilled life that helped him write the wonderful novels that he did. Many of Goldings experiences and encounters throughout life caused Golding to be a world renowned writer. Many of Goldings works can be related in one way or another to key points in Goldings history.
How Charles Dickens Childhood Affected His
Writing Essay, Research Paper How Charles Dickens Childhood Affected his Writing Throughout his Life It is said that what you learn and experience in your childhood will reflect upon your attitude and actions in the future. Charles Dickens who is one of the most popular writers in the history of literature, reflected his childhood and his upbringing in most of the works that he wrote.
Tristan Essay Research Paper Webster s dictionary
Tristan Essay, Research Paper Webster s dictionary defines the word lovesick as an adjective used to describe one that is disconsolate because of unrequited love. Gottfried von Strassburg writes his romance, Tristan, for a lovesick audience. In his introduction, Gottfried notes that anyone who has been in love will rejoice in reading about the love of others.
Prophet Essay Research Paper The Prophet
Prophet Essay, Research Paper The Prophet Period 4 Patrick Coleman In the prophet it does not tell you how to live, but it tells you how life works. I do not agree with everything that is said, but as a whole I like the message the book sends. I have taken my five favorite chapters, and broken them down for this report.
Black Death Essay Research Paper Review of
Black Death Essay, Research Paper Review of The Black Death The Black Death discusses the causes and results of the plague that devastated medieval Europe. It focuses on the many effects it had on the culture of medieval Europe and the possibility that it expedited cultural change. I found that Robert S. Gottfried had two main theses in the book.
Linking Edgar Allan Poe To The Raven
Essay, Research Paper Edgar Allan Poe was an author who wrote dark and sinister stories and poems and whose motives in writing such works were closely related to his life. Edgar Allan Poe has captured the attention of many of his readers, but what is not said is that his life affected his works. His dark and sinister works link the innermost side of Poe to that of his pieces.
Philosiphy Of David Hume Essay Research Paper
David Hum s literary works were varied both in subject and in popular reception. Hume s life was one marked by a seemingly overwhelming love of literature and philosophy. In his autobiography Hume refers to this love absent; …seized very early with a passion for literature which has been the ruling passion of my life… Hume spent most of his life directed by a need to have his works published.
Edwin Arlington Robinson And Edgar Lee Masters
Essay, Research Paper The Realist Poets incorporated the theme of death into their works. Edwin Arlington Robinson and Edgar Lee Masters both wrote about thetheme of death and is clearly shown in their works. Edwin Arlington Robinson wrote ?Richard Cory?. ?And Richard Cory,one calm summer night, Went home and put a bullet through his head.? Thisis clearly showing a theme of death because he went home and killed himself.
My Personal Art Collection Essay Research Paper
Brandon Hill My Personal Art Collection Enclosed in my portfolio are some of my favorite and most detailed works. I chose these eight pieces, because I feel that they are the best representation of my abilities in art. Because drawing is the area in which I excel most, I have selected mostly works that display my skill in this.
Is Shakespeare Really Who We T Essay
, Research Paper Is Shakespeare Really Who We Think He Is? Was the man we know as Shakespeare really the author of the “Shakespearean Works”? We know little about the man called Shakespeare, did he really write the plays, or is he just a man that got confused within history? (Sobran 44) There is not even a correct spelling of the man s name.
Bath And Body Works Store Essay Research
Paper Central Michigan Life February 26, 2001 Bath and Body Works Opens Store In Mt. Pleasant Summary: A Bath and Body Works store is opening in Mt. Pleasant. This store contains many brands including Victoria’s Secret, Bath and Body Works and the White Barn and Candle Company.
Life Is Like Essay Research Paper Life
Life Is Like Essay, Research Paper Life is like a car. When it?s new, it usually works all right. As time drives by, it breaks down and needs repairs. Life is like a leaf. In its youth, it
Rainer Maria Rilke Essay Research Paper Rainer
Rainer Maria Rilke Essay, Research Paper Rainer Maria Rilke "Rose, o pure contradiction, desire to be no one?s sleep beneath so many lids." This was Rainer Maria Rilke?s self-composed epitaph, written before leukemia took his life on December 29, 1926. The rose was a symbol of love, beauty, and devotion in many of Rilke?s writings.With quotes such as this Rilke became known as one of the best poets of the 20th century.