Anthopleura Elegantissima Essay, Research Paper
Emily Porterfield
English 112
Erin Sloan
1-30-99
Anthopleura elegantissima
The sea anemones that were collected for the ?Clone Specific Segregation in the
Sea Anemone Anthopleura elegantissima? experiment were collected by Lisbeth Francis
in Pacific Grove, California (Biological Bulletin 1973, 144; 64-72). The topic of
Francis?s report is the particularity of the constant anemone-free areas dividing
contiguous accumulations of these anemones and the connection of these areas to the
dispersion and manner of these anemones. In her report Francis describes how she did
her experiment and the result of each step. Francis also includes a discussion section
where she discusses advantages versus disadvantages of segregated aggregations and
organisms that are similar to these sea anemones.
Francis first explains the materials and methods. One of the first steps in this
section is collecting the anemones. Slowly sliding a spatula under the sea anemones,
Francis dislodged them from the immense rocks to which they were attached. At the
laboratory they were kept in glass bowls containing water from the sea and were fed
periodically, exclusive of experimentation time. In case of any impairments from the
collection process, the anemones were kept in these bowls for a few weeks before any of
the experiments started. Only the most healthy anemones were used in the experiment.
To free the anemones, Francis hit the bowl against a solid surface. To determine the sex
of the anemones, they were severed and inspected for sex organs. When their sex organs
are fully grown the female?s are brownish-pink and they male?s are yellowish-white. The
anemones that contain one or more sex organs including oocytes or spermatocytes were
recorded as having developed sex organs. The anemones were then placed in a drying
oven for approximately 18 to 24 hours, so they could be dried to a constant weight.
The anemones living in clusters isolated from other clusters were inspected to
ascertain whether or not the anemones from each cluster were different. The anemones
living in the same cluster, Francis noticed, had identical color patterns. There were other
color patterns observed, but they always occurred when the cluster was separated by an
anemone-free area. In each of the aggregations observed, Francis noticed that the sex of
the anemones was the same. There were either all males living together or all females.
None of the aggregations were integrated. Francis?s conclusion from this is that since
they ?reproduce asexually by longitudinal fission? (403), each cluster is a clone and the
anemone-free areas divide contiguous clones. From studying how size is related to
sexual maturity in sea anemones, Francis drew another conclusion. She states that the
more the anemones weigh, the more likely they are to be sexually developed.
Francis?s next experiment was to try to figure out if the anemones could place
themselves into segregated groups. She collected anemones from two clones living
beside each other and attached them to a plastic ball with a lead weight inside an
aquarium. They were crammed together in five horizontal lines with four animals in
each line. The anemones were arranged so that they were all mixed together
heterogeneously instead of separated into their two separate groups. Three days later the
anemones looked as if they were fairly attached to the ball so Francis removed the pins to
let them move around so she could observe what kind of groups they formed. Thirteen
days later, four of them had fallen off the ball and the other sixteen had organized
themselves back into their segregated groups. They moved around some more after
thirteen days, but there was not any connection between the two groups. Francis
concluded from this experiment that segregation between clones can be established by
the anemones themselves.
The next experiment Francis conducted was to discover if the anemones would
create anemone-free zones in-between clonal groups if there are no other species of
animals and no waves. In this experiment the anemones were collected from two
different clones but they were not side-by-side. Francis also kept them in the laboratory
for an extended period of time (up to a year). A baking dish was lined with foam plastic
and on one side, one clone of anemones was attached with insect pins and the other clone
was attached to the other side. Microscope slides were lined up and taped together to
prevent any contact between the two clones. Sea water was running into one side of the
dish. The flow of the water was changed periodically because the anemones are inclined
to move upstream and Francis didn?t want the flow of the water to affect her experiment.
The insect pins and the microscope slides were removed. Pictures were taken once a day
to determine how much the anemones were moving each day. Within three weeks an
anemone-free zone was formed between the two clonal groups. During this time Francis
also observes some aggressive behavior. After this experiment, Francis concluded that
anemone-free zones can be formed by the anemones without the presence of other
organisms.
When contemplating why anemones might live in clusters instead of individually
Francis had three main points. Living in clusters: lessens water loss and damage from the
waves, makes it harder for other ocean life to settle and compete, and it is easier to
procure and hold large animals. Also, the patterns that Francis observed in these
anemones are not unique to this species. Some of these same patterns occur in other
species of organisms. Other scientists have observed other organisms living very close
together with no tissue fusion. Others have also observed ?complete fusion at the
interface between separate growing edges of the same colony both in the encrusting
ascidian Botrylus and in a variety of bryozoa? (407). These phenomena are
corresponding because of the ?contrast between the intimacy of association among
genetically identical ?individuals? in colonies or clonal groups, and the relative isolation
between genetically different individuals of the same species? (407).
Marine Biology is the study of the origin, history, characteristics, and habits of
plants and animals. Marine Biologists usually specialize in one taxon and study one
specific organism. Francis?s article relates to the discipline of Marine Biology because
her article focuses on the specific sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima. In her
article, Francis commences with details in her materials and methods section. This
implies that this is a very significant section. She also incorporates charts into her
procedures and results section, which helps to prove that her research is legitimate and
helps us to understand the experiment more thoroughly. Francis incorporates the
procedures section in with the results section which is not done frequently in a biological
report. In the last section of the first part of Francis?s procedures and results section she
includes some interpretation, which seems to indicate some difficulty with organization.
She states that ?No other hypothesis can simply explain…?(403). Francis didn?t include
these interpretations in all of her sections, only in this one and in her discussion section,
where it really belongs. Also, in her fourth section she includes extra, unnecessary
material. She states, ?During this time numerous aggressive episodes were observed at
the border between the two groups?(406). She goes on to say that she did not notice this
in the preceding experiment, which was done before this one. Her inclusion of ?similar
phenomena?(407) indicates that it is important to relate other organisms to the ones
being observed. Francis?s article was very comprehensive although she seems to have
difficulty staying focused and organized.
Другие работы по теме:
Things Are Not What They Seem Essay
, Research Paper Things Are Not Always What They Seem William Faulkner s short story A Rose for Emily centers around Miss Emily and what the townspeople think of Miss Emily. One of the themes for A Rose for Emily is appearance versus reality. This theme of appearance versus reality can be seen through what the townspeople think of Miss Emily and by the actions taken by Miss Emily.
Usage Of Elements Of Fiction In A
Rose For Emily Essay, Research Paper When a person reads a story, he or she is aware of many types of elements of fiction. An author uses elements of fiction to make his or her story move and read in a way that will make the story enjoyable and a thrill to read. By using these elements in the right way, the author creates an abundance of suspense within the reader, making the reader wonder what is to come.
TraditionA Rose For Emily The Lottery Essay
, Research Paper Tradition People throughout the world do things for many different reasons. Religion, peer pressure, or tradition are some of the reasons the people do things. In the U.S. we have many traditions such as Christmas. Some people have strange or out of the ordinary traditions. The two short stories ?The Lottery? and ?A Rose for Emily? both portray tradition.
A Rose For Emily 2
A Rose For Emily – Theme Of Love Essay, Research Paper Love as defined by Webster?s is ?a strong and deep feeling of attachment, great affection; passionate attraction and ardent affection, especially for one of the opposite sex?(183). My definition of love is unconditional acceptance, devoutness, and trust, between two consenting individuals.
Narrator Description Essay Research Paper What is
Narrator Description Essay, Research Paper What is narrator? Narrator is the voice the author creates to tell the story. The possible ways of telling a story are many, and more than one way can be
Emily Essay Research Paper Emily and I
Emily Essay, Research Paper Emily and I were in love. She lived in North Carolina and I lived in Ohio. It wasn’t an easy relationship. We communicated often. We met in August. She was diagnosed with cancer in her knee in December. It started in her knee, but had spread too much through out her body. She was dying.
Narrator Essay Research Paper What is narrator
Narrator Essay, Research Paper What is narrator? Narrator is the voice the author creates to tell the story. The possible ways of telling a story are many, and more than one way can be worked into a single story. Conventionally, the various narrators that storytellers draw upon can be grouped into four broad groups: the third-person narrator, the first-person narrator, the omniscient narrator and the witness narrator.
Letting Go Essay Research Paper Letting GoMany
Letting Go Essay, Research Paper Letting Go Many people hate to let things go. People find security and comfort in their possessions and the company they keep. If all this is ripped away from a person, it can
Emily Bronte Essay Research Paper Emily BrontEmily
Emily Bronte Essay, Research Paper Emily Bront? Emily Bront? was one of three sisters who became famous novelists. Emily’s only novel is Wuthering Heights, which was published in December of 1847. Emily was from the Yorkshire village of Haworth. Emily was born on July 30, 1818 to Reverend Patrick Bront? and Marie Branwell Bront?.
Emily Jane Bronte Essay Research Paper Emily
Emily Jane Bronte Essay, Research Paper Emily Jane Bronte Emily Jane Bronte remains a mystery. Very little is known about her. There is little information, and much of what we have is contradictory. She is the author
The Many Facets Of Love Essay Research
Paper Love is a many faceted thing. It can be the best feeling in the world, or the bane of your existence. This is one of the central themes in A Rose for Emily , Faulkner s tale of twisted love. But what kind of love is it that pervades the entire text? Is it the love of man and woman, the love out of respect for another, or the love of a tradition for years? A Rose for Emily embraces all the facets of love, through different people s eyes.
Love Wanted Essay Research Paper Love WantedMiss
Love Wanted Essay, Research Paper Love Wanted Miss Emily Grierson was somewhat of a recluse. She spent the last years of her lonely life at home all alone except for the Negro man that was her life-long servant. Her build was that of a small woman, but through the years of her grieving she had gained many pounds and she had become quite large.
Motherhood Essay Research Paper In today s
Motherhood Essay, Research Paper In today s age the rate of single motherhood is growing rapidly. The job of being a single mother is not only difficult but exhausting. Single mothers have to work extra hard to make money to pay the bills, while trying to care for there children, and also fitting time in for themselves.
Biography On Emily Bronte Essay Research Paper
Emily Bronte was born in Thornton on July 30, 1818 and later moved with her family to Haworth, an isolated village on the moors. Her mother, Maria Branwell, died when she was only three years old, leaving Emily and her five siblings, Maria, Elizabeth, and Charlotte, Anne, and Branwell to the care of the dead woman s sister.
Emily Bronte Essay Research Paper Bronte name
Emily Bronte Essay, Research Paper Bronte, name of three English novelists, also sisters, whose works, transcending Victorian conventions, have become beloved classics. The sisters Charlotte Bronte (1816-1855), Emily (Jane) Bronte (1818-1848), and Anne Bronte (1820-1849), and their brother (Patrick) Branwell Bronte (1817-1848), were born in Thornton, Yorkshire.
William Fualkner 2
William Fualkner – A Rose For Emily Essay, Research Paper A Flower Frozen In Time: A Rose For Emily William Faulkners story A Rose For Emily, is a tragic story about a young lady by the name of Miss Emily Grierson. Emily came from a well to do family, that had allot of history in the town they lived in. The Grierson s were so powerful, that they did not have to pay any taxes.
Our Town Essay Research Paper Our TownOur
Our Town Essay, Research Paper Our Town Our town, a play that takes place in a small town called Grover’s Corners, New Hampshire. It starts in 1901 and spands over the years til 1913. The book takes you through different cycles of life, with the continuing theme that you should not take life for granted and live life to the fullest.
A Roses For Emily Essay Research Paper
william faulkner’s “A Rose For Emily’, and Charlotte Gilman’s “A Yellow Wall paper” are alike in many ways. The two women are in similar situations, both are violated by
Our Town Essay Research Paper Our Town 2
Our Town Essay, Research Paper Our Town, by Thornton Wilder is a play that takes place in a small fictional town of Grover’s Corner, New Hampshire; beginning in 1901 and ending in 1913. The play takes the audience through the cycles of life, with the purpose of getting a universal message stating that life shouldn’t be taken for granted.
I Stand Here Ironing Essay Research Paper
I Stand Here Ironing by Tillie Olsen is a depiction of a mother-daughter relationship that lacks involvement and warmth. The whole story composed of the mother s memory of her relationship with her daughter, Emily. The memory was a painful one comprised mostly of the way the mother was much less able to care for Emily.
Archetypes In A Rose For Emily Essay
, Research Paper Melissa Clark English 102 Oakes 4/9/97 Archetypes in A Rose for Emily Archetypes are, by definition, previous images, characters, or patterns that recur throughout literature and though consistently enough to be considered a universal concept or situation. Archetypes also can be described as complexes of experiences that come upon us like fate, and their effects are felt in our most personal life.
A Rose Essay Research Paper A Rose
A Rose Essay, Research Paper A Rose In the 1930’s people still thrive on gossip, particularly in a small town. People are overly curious and cruel at times, especially when it comes to Emily Grierson’s mental disorder. In “ A Rose for Emily,” William Faulkner traces Miss Emily’s increasing dementia and foreshadows the surprise ending.
Is Emily Dickinson On Drugs Essay Research
Paper 4/26/98Is Emily Dickinson on Drugs? Emily Dickinson’s poems often make me ponder her mental stability. Sometimes I wonder if she was psychotic or on some kind of mind-altering drugs. In Dickinson’s poems “I felt a funeral in my brain,” “My life closed twice before its close,” and “Because I could not stop for Death,” we shall see whether or not Mr.
A Rose For Emily Theme Analysis Essay
, Research Paper In ?A Rose for Emily?, William Faulkner uses a theme common to many of his works. The changing of values and attitudes in southern society. Miss Emily was born into a family, the Griersons, that were very established in the community. She was said to be ?the last Greirson? in this southern community.
Granny Weatherall Vs Miss Emily Essay Research
Paper Granny Weatherall and Miss Emily Grierson The main characters in the stories The Jilting of Granny Weatherall and A Rose for Emily have several important similarities. Although the plots, settings, and themes are different, Granny Weatherall and Miss Emily share three distinct traits that make them much alike.
Rose For Emily Essay Research Paper rose
Rose For Emily Essay, Research Paper rose for emily Emily in Past and Present In the story A Rose for Emily , William Faulkner contrast the past with the present times. The past is easily represented in Emily herself, in Colonel Sartoris, in the old Negro servant, and in the Board of Alderman who accepted the Colonel s point of view that Emily be remitted of her taxes.
Rose For Emily Essay Research Paper Analysis
Rose For Emily Essay, Research Paper Analysis of ?A Rose for Emily? In William Faulkner?s short story, ?A Rose for Emily,? obsession plays a key role in the developing personality of the protagonist, Emily Grierson. Because Emily was
The Mother-Daughter Relationship In
“I Stand Here Ironing” Essay, Research Paper The mother-daughter relationship in “I Stand Here Ironing” To many people, the ideal mother-daughter relationship
Constable Warren Essay Research Paper English 322900Constible
Constable Warren Essay, Research Paper English 3 2/29/00 Constible Warren: Consitble Warren was the only Constable in town. He was friends with everyone. He use to just stop by and say hello. Constable Warren always made sure everything was okay ?seein? if there?s anything I can do to prevent a flood. Rivers been rising all night?.
A Rose For Emily 2 Essay Research
Paper A Rose for Emily Emily s Father Throughout this story, the overbearing presence of Emily Grierson s father is perhaps the greatest influence on her behavior. The story describes how Miss Emily s father rejected her suitors by standing in front of her and aggressively clutching a horsewhip whenever the young men came to call.
Miss Emily
’s Male Interaction In A Rose For Emily Essay, Research Paper Miss Emily’s male interaction in A Rose for Emily The way that a person is raised has a lot to do with their
Rose Essay Research Paper Miss Emily still
Rose Essay, Research Paper Miss Emily still represented and stood for the beliefs of the Old South while the New south generation stood back and allowed her to bask in this illusion