Alcohol Y Drogas Essay, Research Paper
Alcohol y DrogasCuando se habla de drogas, a nivel internacional, se piensa en la hero na, la morfina o la coca na, que se han convertiodo en problemas cada vez m s graves, con sus actividades delictuales, conocidas narcotr fico . Las formas m s peligrosas de conseumo son por inyecci n intravenosa, que crea una r pida dependencia f sica y siqu ca, es decir, toda la vida del adicto dependera de la ingesti n de nuevas dosis. En el plano nacional, la droga m s divulgada, especialmente entre la juventud, ha sido la marihuana, consumida como el cigarrillo. A ella se agreg luego la inhalaci n de vapores de algunos pegamentos, como el neopren. Ultimamente se han comprobado otras formas, con la apariencia de cierta legalidad, mediante el consumo de f rmacos, como anfetaminas y muchos remedios adquiridos sin la receta m dica correspondiente. Suele argumentarse en defensa de algunas de estas drogas, que son menos peligrosas y da inas que otras. Sin embargo, esto es una trivialidad, pues el da o com*n de las drogas es la adicci n. De modo que mucho antes de llegar a las graves consecuencias para su salud f sica, el ni o, el adolescente, j ven o adulto, hombre o mujer, habra causado a su vida da os irreparables, como la perdida de la verg enza, de la estima y la autoestima, todo lo que podr hacer en su camino para conseguir la droga, incluso el robo, sin contar los m*ltiples riesgos de accidentes fatales. Tipos de DrogasC nnabisG nero de plantas herb ceas pertenecientes a la familia cannab ceas. Tiene hojas compuestas y flores verdes. Destaca la especie Cannabis sativa o c amo. De la planta femenina del Cannabis indica se extraen la marihuana y el hach sEstupefacientes Los estupefacientes se clasifican en opi ceos, como la hero na, morfina, code na y metadona; barbit*ricos, como el valium y otros sedantes; estimulantes, como la coca na y anfetaminas; derivados del cannabis, como el hach s, grifa, marihuana; y alucin genos, como el LSD, mescalina, peyote, etc. Pueden ser naturales o producidos en laboratorio y en la mayor a de los casos crean adicci n o h bito, por lo que su comercio est limitado o prohibido. Esto ha provocado la aparici n de un mercado negro de proporciones internacionales, estrechamente relacionado con el mundo del delito. Coca na Alcaloide extra do de las hojas de la coca, que a veces se utiliza como anest sico local. Aspirada en forma de polvo o inyectada, se convierte en una droga, que act*a sobre el sistema nervioso central y provoca euforia; su uso continuado puede dar lugar a graves trastornos ps quicos y f sicos. Se obtiene en grandes plantaciones de Am rica del Sur (Bolivia y Colombia, principalmente) y su creciente consumo en los pa ses desarrollados ha generado una amplia red de tr fico ilegal, conocida como narcotr ficoCrackTipo de droga compuesta principalmente por coca na. LSD(siglas de LySergic acid Diethylamide) Dietilamida del cido lis rgico. Es una droga de efectos alucin genos que se sintetiza a partir de los alcaloides del cornezuelo del centeno. Su comercializaci n y consumo est n penados por las leyes. PeyotePlanta de la familia cact ceas, especie Echinocactus Williamsii. Es un cactus que mide entre 15 y 20 cm de altura, tiene forma cil ndrica, flores rosas y carece de espinas. Contiene numerosos alcaloides y su extracto se utiliza como droga alucin gena. Crece en Texas y M xico. MescalinaAlcaloide que se obtiene del peyote, planta de Am rica del Norte; tiene un alto poder alucin geno y fue usado por los indios de M xico en pr cticas ceremoniales religiosas. Hero naAlcaloide derivado de la morfina*, en forma de polvo blanco de sabor amargo. Es un poderoso sedante que se utiliza como estupefaciente*. Produce importantes da os al organismo, agravados por su alto grado de adicci n. Su fabricaci n, comercializaci n y consumo est n penados por las leyes, lo que no impide su tr fico en el mercado negro.
MorfinaC17H19O3N. Alcaloide del opio. Fue aislado en 1806 por Sert rner. Es un potente narc tico que act*a sobre el sistema nervioso central y es utilizado en medicina como analg sico. Su consumo incontrolado produce adicci n y graves trastornos fisiol gicos y ps quicos. OpioSustancia que se obtiene secando el jugo de las cabezas de la planta llamada adormidera verde (Papaver somniferus). El opio se refina y de l se extraen alcaloides narc ticos como la morfina, hero na y code na, cuyo consumo puede crear h bito, por lo que deben utilizarse con precauci n y s lo para usos m dicos. MetadonaProducto farmac utico de efectos semejantes a los de la morfina y la hero na, que se utiliza para desintoxicar a los drogadictos; su uso produce dependenciaAlcaloideSustancia nitrogenada org nica, de car cter d bilmente b sico, que se encuentra en algunas plantas y constituye el excitante de ciertos productos, como la cafe na en el caf y la nicotina en el tabaco. Los alcaloides suelen ser venenosos y muchos tienen aplicaciones m dicas, como la quinina, la morfina, la code na, etcAnalg sicoMedicamento o f rmaco capaz de aliviar o suprimir el dolor, disminuyendo la capacidad de reacci n de los centros cerebrales correspondientes. Son muy usados los preparados con cido acetilsalic lico, como la aspirina. Los derivados del opio (morfina, hero na) son m s potentes, pero crean h bito y se reservan para circunstancias especiales. Hach sSustancia extra da de cierta variedad del c amo indio, que se usa como drogaCafe naSustancia estimulante del sistema nervioso central y del coraz n, contenida en bebidas como el t , caf , cacao, cola, etc. Es un alcaloide y su abuso produce arritmia cardiaca, dolor de cabeza e insomnio. TABAQUISMOHasta hace pocos a os, fumar era considerado un h bito considerado poco menos que distinguido. Sin embargo, estudios cient ficos comprobaron que el tabaco, ademas de producir una adicci n, como cualquier otra droga, aumentaba sus peligros en compa ia de otros ingredientes usados en la fabricaci n del cigarrillo, como el alquitr n. Est comprobado que el tabaco afecta el aparato respiratorio, provocando enfermedades como faringitis, laringitis, bronquitis cr nica y enfisema. Ataca al sistema cardiovascular, provocando arteriosclerosis e infarto al miocardio. Afecta adem s el aparato digestivo y el sistema nervioso. Y es indudablemente, la causa de un alto porcentaje de c ncer al pulm n. NicotinaC10H14N2. Alcaloide presente en las hojas del tabaco. Es un l quido aceitoso, t xico, de olor fuerte y sabor picante que excita el sistema nervioso. Se utiliza como aditivo en varios productos letales, como los insecticidas, y tambi n en medicina y como curtienteEl humo del tabaco contiene nicotina y alquitranes que afectan al aparato respiratorio, pudiendo producir bronquitis cr nica y asma, al aparato nervioso y al aparato digestivo, con riesgo de ocasionar gastritis y duodenitis. El tabaco es tambi n cancer geno y favorece el infarto de miocardio. ALCOHOLISMOLa OMS define al alcoholico como un bebedor que presenta una interferencia con su salud mental o corporal, sus relaciones interpersonales y su correcto funcionamiento social y econ mico . Por lo tanto necesita tratamiento. Se ha investigado que en Chile un 13% de la poblaci n mayor de 15 a os es bebedor excesivo, es decir, que consume m s de un litro de vino al d a o su equivalente entre otros licores, y otro 13% es alcoholico, o sea, que presenta dependencia f sica del alcohol, no puede dejar de beber. Se ha comprobado tambi n un alto grado de consumo de bebidas alcoholicas en ni os y adolescentes. EL alcohol produce da os f sicos, disminuci n de la actividad muscular y de la actividad neuromuscular, causante de m*ltiples accidentes. Afecta al est mago, provocando gastritis cr nica, o en casos m s graves, cirrosis hep tica, con da os irreparables para el h gado. Ataca las c lulas nerviosas, causando delirios, p rida de la memoria, alucinaciones, etc.
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