Bio Implant Materials Essay, Research Paper
Homework #1:Implant Metals
Abstract:
This paper will discuss the key properties of three categories of implant alloys; stainless steels, cobalt-based alloys, and titanium-based alloys, focusing on those properties which make the implant alloys ideal for skeletal implants. An additional focus of the paper will be on any disadvantages possessed by each group of implant alloys.
Introduction:
Wood was probably the first bioimplant, a sturdy, inert, and readily available material in the older days. But as mankind aged newer materials were discovered, and often created, that were indeed superior. The search for a exceptional implant alloy is one which has laboratories researching and testing different types of alloys for the best combination of strength, durability, corrosion resistance, and other important traits these alloys must possess.
Discussion:
The first implant metal to be discussed is stainless steel. The one most common stainless steel in use is 316L, grade 2. This particular alloy is mostly iron, chromium, and nickel, though it also contains nitrogen, magnesium, molybdenum, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur. Most implant quality 316L has at least 62.5% iron, 17.6% chromium, and 14.5% nickel. The implant quality 316L has improved corrosion resistance, structure, and ductility over the commercial quality form of the alloy. An important property of the stainless steel alloy is its high chromium content which fights corrosion by forming an surface oxide. The nickel is added to insure ?no delta ferrite?, or to combat the impact the chromium, molybdenum, and silicon have in forming ferrite. ?No delta ferrite? is a condition where there is no metallic resonance, allowing for the implant to still be safe even when the patient is undergoing an MRI. There is a drawback to the use of nickel in the implant, which in turn means there is a drawback to the implant itself. Somewhere in between 3% and 5% of the population is allergic to nickel. ?Nickel causes inflammation and discoloration of tissue, retards reparative growth, produces excessive scars and erosion of bone?(2, pg.8) Physician?s are instructed to ask the patient if they know of any allergies before they place the implant within a patient.
Cobalt-based alloys that are most common are F75, F799, F90, and F562. These cobalt-based alloys have distinct characteristics and each has a different component to its creation, whether it be how it was created or which elements are added. In F75 the bulk composition, as well as the surface oxide, allows for a high tolerance to corrosion particularly in chloride environments. One main problem is the large grain size which causes a lower yield strength. Another problem arises during the casting process when defects can occur. Powder metallurgical methods has been used in an attempt to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties as well as avoiding the possible casting defects. In order to improve fatigue, yield and ultimate tensile strengths of F75, the alloy was mechanically processed through hot forging after casting, creating F799. F799 has nearly double the strengths of F75. Another cobalt-based alloy, F90, adds the elements of Tungsten and Nickel in order to achieve machinability and fabrication properties. When this alloy is cold-worked to 44%, its properties are twice that of F75?s. The last of the cobalt-based alloys is MP35N, or F562. The ?MP? refers to multiple phases within its microstructure allowing for it to be both processed by thermal treatments and cold-working. This creates a high strength alloy which is actually among the strongest available for implantation.
Perhaps one of the best known biomaterials today is titanium and its alloys. Commercially pure titanium, also known as F67, is non-magnetic, and there is no harmful additives or alloying. The most common alloy used is called F136, or Ti-6Al-4V. This alloy is an alpha-beta alloy, meaning the properties will vary depending on treatments. However usually this alloy is corrosion resistant but not ware-resistant and has a higher strength than when in its pure form. The major drawback of this alloy is in its long-term usage. The Vanadium is biocompatable only in the short term.(3,pg. 2) There are four grades of titanium, 1-4 with four being the strongest but least ductile. The amount of oxygen in the CP titanium is a major force on how strong the yield and fatigue strengths will be, and also determines the grade of the alloy. The low density of titanium makes it significantly lighter when compared to the stainless steels and cobalt-alloys. Due to the difficulty in electropolishing titanium, it is anodized, this is an electrochemical process which increases the thickness of the oxide film that lies on titanium. Here is where the colors that are associated with titanium, most often gold, is produced.
Figure 1 (1,pg.50)
Figure 2 (5,pg.43)
Conclusion:
Man has made tracks into helping the injured, the elderly, the unfortunate. Biomaterials are the tools leading the way in the battle to make life longer, healthier, and more complete for many individuals. As documented in this paper each biomaterial has strengths, as well as its weaknesses. So which is the most useful? That is the beauty of the situation as it exists today, no one material is the ?one?, each is suited for different circumstances. The pursuit to discover or engeneer the perfect alloy for all situations continues.
Bibliography
1) Vincenzini, P. Ceramics in Surgery
c. 1983 Elsevier Science Publishers
-Please note that many of the references in the library were taken out as early as the Friday following the Monday the homework was assigned. I would attribute this to the large number of people in the class. However, I was able to examine many of the remaining books and was pleased to find some tables and other materials that were related to our topic in books such as this one and the next one. This book focused on many topics by a number of authors and researchers. The relevant material was found in an article by H. Kawahara, titled Designing criteria of bioceramics for bone and tooth replacement.
2) Hubert/Young Use of Ceramics in Surgical Implants
c. 1969 Gordon and Breach, New York
-Relevant material here was found in the section titled Prosthetic Metals which describes the metals compared to bioceramics. Focuses on drawbacks and history of metals.
3) Lecture on Metallic Biomaterials by John Disegi
Materials Development Director for Synthes, USA
-Lecture given in class on the fourteenth of February, 2000. Focuses on the three metal implant groups, discussing the properties each possesses as well as insight into the production process.
4) Profio, Edward A., Biomedical Engineering
c. 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York
-The relevant material here was found in the Biomaterials section. This section discusses hip joints as well as the body?s effects upon the materials and those materials effects upon the body.
5) Ratner, Buddy D., Hoffman, Allan S., Schoen, Fredrick J., Lemons, Jack E. BioMaterials Science
c. 1996 Academic Press San Diego, California
-The textbook for this course was helpful and included a table included in this paper. The chapter focused on was chapter 2 with an emphasis on section 2.
Bibliography
included with document
Другие работы по теме:
Grades Aren
’t Everything Essay, Research Paper Grades aren’t everything, but if you or your parents are worried about your report cards, try some of these simple tips.
Homework As Child Abuse Essay Research Paper
Homework as Child Abuse Reeva Miller Homework is superfluous, unnecessary and demoralizing to children, the author,Reeva Miller believes. This article, written in this week s issue of New York Teacher (City Edition), talksabout the many disadvantages homework has on children. She states that she neverenjoyed doing homework and her children (a doctor and a novelist) never got anythingproductive out of this daunting task.
Abortion Essay Research Paper A Plan for
Abortion Essay, Research Paper A Plan for a Homework Center The school board came up with an idea of making the school day two periods to give students time to do homework in a homework center. The idea of extending two classes is a good one. There are a lot advantages and disadvantages.
The Bird Who Lives In My Ear
Essay, Research Paper Hey Tom, How are you? I?m extremely bored, so I decided to type you and several other people letters! So, how is life treating you? I?m pretty good (I know you didn?t ask me, but I?m just making conversation with myself!) I hope you can read this font. It?s kind-of different! I closed my eyes to pick it! So, did you have a lot of homework yesterday? I don?t have any.
My Homework Ate My Family
– Article Review From Time Magazine 1999 Essay, Research Paper My Homework Ate My Family Summary Families are being torn apart. How are they being separated? If families aren’t losing each other due to divorce or death of a family member, then how are so many families becoming disconnected? Homework is the answer.
Homework Stress Essay Research Paper A University
Homework Stress Essay, Research Paper A University of Michigan study last year found homework increasing overall from 1981 to 1997, with the biggest increase falling on students aged 6 to 8, whose homework load tripled. Piscataway is one of many school districts to ban or severely limit homework across the country.
Diviersity In Families Essay Research Paper Celebrating
Diviersity In Families Essay, Research Paper Celebrating Families Lesson Plan 1.Overview This lesson, which is intended for a first grade classroom, and is approximately 40 minutes in length, will deal with diverse families. I will read the book to the students, and then we will discuss the different types of families, and how each one of our families is different.
Cochlear Implants Essay Research Paper Cochlear ImplantsResearchers
Cochlear Implants Essay, Research Paper Cochlear Implants Researchers at the Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, have found that the earlier a deaf child receives a cochlear implant, the better the child’s speech development. A cochlear implant is an electronic device that is implanted in the inner ear of a profoundly deaf person.
Editorial On Homeschooling Essay Research Paper Home
Editorial On Homeschooling Essay, Research Paper Home Schooling The opposers of home-schooling can argue that home-schooled children can never be certain if they are learning all the things in the curriculum, and if their standards are
Homework The Key To Student Success Essay
, Research Paper Homework: The Key to Student Success One of the most difficult challenges that teachers and parents face is getting teenagers to do their homework. A common complaint with high school students is the fact that they do not have enough time to do their homework. In the year 2000 American students are holding down more jobs, taking on more household responsibilities, and participating in a greater amount of extracurricular activities than any other generation of American students. (Homework: Time To Turn It In?).
Lesson Plan Essay Research Paper Lesson Plan
Lesson Plan Essay, Research Paper Lesson Plan: Reading Grade Level:Fourth Grade Aim:To recall the sequence of events in a story, using a story pie. Behavioral Objective:Students recall the sequence of events in a story, using a story pie, with 80% accuracy.
Persuasion Essay Research Paper Malina PatrickPersuasionHomework Assignment
Persuasion Essay, Research Paper Malina Patrick Persuasion Homework Assignment #2 Dr. Kenneth Haught February 23, 2000 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #2 For this homework assignment, I was asked to create or find two examples of persuasion, and explain the examples using the vocabulary found in chapter 6 of the text The Art and Science of Persuasion by Deirdre D.
High School Vs College Essay Research Paper
High School vs. College High school and college are very dissimilar. There are the main differences and then there are differences that aren’t very distinct. These differences include homework, teacher-student relationships, and attendance policies. In this paper I will discuss the major and minor differences between high school and college.
Why I Want A Husband Essay Research
Paper Why I want a husband I belong to that classification of people know as males. Not to long ago my mother and father where having a conversation about are recently purchased vehicle. During this conversation my mother stated several times to my father that the car needed some minor repairs and that she need money because she was going out.
Freedom Essay Research Paper How can one
Freedom Essay, Research Paper How can one measure the meaning of freedom without understanding the torment of confinement. The dark, unfathomable reaches of a dank pit, the deep, unknown regions of a large tree, even the confines of school, all can be the breach of freedom.
How To Drive Your Teacher Crazy Essay
, Research Paper Everything is possible. Are you tired of being a normal kid in school, doing everything perfectly and doing your homework always on time. Boring stuff! Think of this! it is possible to drive your teacher crazy. Here are some tips. First, never ever do your homework. Secondly, don’t listen to her.
Breast Implants Info Essay Research Paper Breast
Breast Implants Info Essay, Research Paper Breast Plants: Good or Bad? For decades consumer “advocates” claimed that legal reform to make it harder for individuals to sue companies would unleash a torrent of unsafe products on the market. Instead, an out-of-control legal system is making it almost impossible for companies to develop products for women without risking bankruptcy.
Fetal Tissue Implants Essay Research Paper Fetal
Fetal Tissue Implants Essay, Research Paper Fetal Tissue Implants Fetal tissue implants are a very touchy subject for a lot of different people. Many people believe in them, while other people are totally against them. When you think about it, there are many different pros and cons to it, and it would be a very difficult choice if you were actually the person who needed the implant.
Why Schools Need The Grading System Essay
, Research Paper C.D. 1/5/99 New School Policy Essay School Number (WHATEVER SCHOOL) is considering a new policy.Students will not receive grades in any classes.Before passing this policy,the principal wants to know how it will affect students.This new policy can have some good effects and bad effects.How would it affect teachers?How would it affect students who plan to go to collage?How would it affect students who usually get bad grades?All these things have to be taken into consideration.In the following paragraphs I will state what I think of this new policy.
Resolutions Essay Essay Research Paper English 3
Resolutions Essay Essay, Research Paper English 3 Alan King Resolutions essay 1/6/00 We have just recently entered a new millennium. The start of a new millenium means to me a new start. I hope to turn my life around and try not to be so defiant, and just get along with everyone. So here are my resoultions for this year, the year 2005, and the end of the decade.
Physical Fitness Essay Research Paper Physical Fitness
Physical Fitness Essay, Research Paper Physical Fitness Essay When choosing what physical characteristic that I would fall under, it was really hard to choose just one that would fit me. During the day I am sort a nerd. I try to do my homework as much as possible and I also sometimes get my Chemistry class mad by being the only one who would turn in the homework; simultaneously reminding the teacher that that assignment was due.
Cheating Essay Research Paper CheatingI believe that
Cheating Essay, Research Paper Cheating I believe that cheating is a terrible thing to do and will hurt you in the long run. When you cheat on a homework assignment, quiz, or test, you are only cheating yourself. You should be honorable enough to take a bad grade and admit that you don’t know everything.
Do Parents Expect Too Much From Their
Kids Essay, Research Paper Do parents expect too much from their children? or Do parents expect too little from their children? Well there are many ways to look at this. In this persuasive
Breast Reconstruction Essay Research Paper Postmastectomy breast
Breast Reconstruction Essay, Research Paper Post-mastectomy breast reconstruction is not a simple procedure. Reconstruction of a breast is done when the natural breast has to be removed due to cancer or other diseases. Breast removal is referred to as mastectomy. The best candidates are women whose cancer has been eliminated by breast removal.
Recycling Essay Research Paper There are many
Recycling Essay, Research Paper There are many ways we can conserve our resources, but one of the major ways is recycling. In an encycopedia recycling is defined as “the recovery and reprocessing of waste materials for use of new products.” Websters dictonary defines recycling as “a process (as liquid bodywaste, glass or cans) in order to regain material for human use.” There is actually two broad types of recycling, internal and external.
Students And Stress Essay Research Paper students
Students And Stress Essay, Research Paper students who normally make good grades on projects and homework due to their parent’s interaction are falling behind in standardized testing while those students who do not perform as well on homework are topping the charts of the standardized tests. students who normally make good grades on projects and homework due to their parent’s interaction are falling behind in standardized testing while those students who do not perform as well on homework are topping the charts of the standardized tests. students who normally make good grades on projects and homework due to their parent’s interaction are falling behind in standardized testing while those students who do not perform as well on homework are topping the charts of the standardized tests. students who normally make good grades on projects and homework due to their parent’s interaction are
InClass Writing Essay Research Paper Inclass Writing
In-Class Writing Essay, Research Paper In-class Writing or Homework Desks and paper rattle while time slowly tics away from the clock. This time these distractions do not bother you because you are finishing one of your most well written papers. In-class writings are great because they include many positive opportunities.
Parents 4 Essay Research Paper ParentsTeenagers are
Parents 4 Essay, Research Paper Parents Teenagers are under more stress than any other age of people in the world, especially those who are seniors. There are so many things to do, to think of, making major life decisions, and keeping up with the trust and responsibilities expected from our parents. I’m not sure if it is the time that have changed or if my parents do not remember what it is like to be a teenager.
Just Learning Art Essay Research Paper Right
Just Learning Art Essay, Research Paper Right now in life Drawing I am working on the structure of the human anatomy. Our teacher wants us to feel the structure through gestures and get the proportions correct. We have just finished working on the Human skull, have worked with the whole figure, and now we are moving on towards the hands and feet.
Dead Mans Creek Essay Research Paper Aaron
Dead Mans Creek Essay, Research Paper Aaron Brown 9th gradeDEAD MANS CREEK As the bell rang all students rushed out of their classrooms and into the cafeteria. ” I hate Mr. Grogsworth. He always gives us way to much homework.” Julio remarked.” Did you hear the way Julia was arguing for more homework? It was sick.” David said “My grades already stink, the last thing I need is more homework.