"It was the cry of outraged womanhood that has peremptorily called me to
Noakhal, ? My present mission is the most difficult and complicated one of my
life ? I am prepared for any eventuality. ‘Do or Die’ has to be put to the
test here. ‘Do’ here means Hindus and Mussulmans should learn to live together
in peace and amity. Otherwise I should die in the attempt ? No one can escape
death. Then why be afraid of it? In fact, death is a friend who brings
deliverance from suffering." Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was a freedom
fighter and leader of India who strongly opposed any violence among Hindus and
Muslims. As mentioned above, he preferred to teach the world that Hindus and
Muslims should learn to live together. Gandhi opposed the partition of India
from the beginning to the end. "In May 1947, he was called to Delhi where
the new Viceroy Lord Mountbatten had succeeded in persuading the congress
leaders to accept Jinnah’s insistent demand for the partition of India as a
condition precedent for British withdrawal. Gandhi was against partition at any
cost but he was unable to convince the congress leaders of the wisdom of his
stand. On August 15, 1947, India was partitioned and became free. Mahatma Gandhi
declined to attend the celebrations in the capital and went to Calcutta where
communal riots were still raging. When Gandhi returned to Delhi in September
1947, the city was in the grip of communal hysteria. Ghostly tales of what had
happened to Hindus and Sikhs in West Pakistan had kindled passions which burst
into a conflagration when the uprooted victims of this tragedy poured into the
city. In a frenzy of vengeance, Hindus and Sikhs had taken the law into their
hands and were looting Muslim houses, seizing Mosques, and stabbing innocent
passers-by." (Prasad, 1954 p.24) Despite the numerous communal clashes
which claimed a number of innocent lives, the separation of India still went
ahead. "Pakistan was founded because the Muslims of the subcontinent wanted
to build up their lives in accordance with the teachings and traditions of
Islam, because they wanted to demonstrate to the world that Islam provides a
panacea to the many diseases which have crept into the life of humanity
today." Liaquat Ali Khan "The birth of Pakistan on August 14-15, 1947
undermined, from the liberal and left perspective, the values of religious
tolerance and cultural pluralism. The ideological foundations of secular
nationalism, the main plank of Indian National Congress in its mobilization
campaigns, also weakened. For the Muslim communities that remained in India,
partition was a nightmare." (Hasan, 1997 p. 6) Liaquat Ali Khan was trying
to explain to the world the need for separation and the reason for separation of
India into two since the teachings and traditions of Islam would not mix with
Hinduism. Meanwhile, in his book, Hasan was emphasizes the horrors of separation
for the Muslim communities in India. Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime
Minister shared the same view as Mahatma Gandhi on the partitioning of India and
the violence occurred as a result of it. In an impromptu radio broadcast on
September 9th 1947, he said, "it is an extraordinary thing that I have
seen. I have seen horror enough and I have seen many people die. ? Death is
bad and painful, but one gets used to death. But there are some things much
worse than death that have taken place. I am ashamed of the acts that my people
have done and I fear the disgrace and the consequences of evil deeds will remain
with us for a long time. ? This morning, our leader, our master, Mahatma
Gandhi, came to Delhi, and I went to see him, and I sat by him for a while
wondering how low we have fallen from the great ideals that he had placed before
us." Mohammad Ali Jinnah was being encouraged by his followers on
separating Hindus from Muslims, and creating conflict between the two. "A
Muslim was overheard saying to Jinnah in 1946, a large factory for the mass
Hinduisation of Muslims has been established in Delhi under the very name of the
All-India Muslim leaders ? I am referring to the so-called Jamia Millia. Dr.
Zakir Husain was selected by Gandhi and Co. for carrying out their plan for
Hinduising Muslims in the spirit of the Wardha scheme which was prepared ?
under the guidance and supervision of Gandhi, the most astute and cunning
hypocrite of all time. The object of the Jamia Millia is to make Muslims as much
Hindu in outlook and every other respect as possible ? for example, (the young
children) are taught the slogan "The Muslim league is dead, the Congress is
good." With grown up Muslim boys, more subtle methods are used. The aim is
to make their inside Hindu and let their outside remain Muslim. ? If this
factory for Hinduising Muslims is allowed to continue its evil work, real Islam
will soon disappear from India. The great killings like to one in Bihar grieve
upon us most profoundly, but they do not kill Islam. They rather revive it to
some extent. But the slow and secret poison of the Jamia Millia Islamia will
soon kill Islam, and will make every Muslim a mere ’show-boy’ of the Hindus.
This is the cleverest plot so far designed for the destruction of Islam in
India." (Hasan, 1997 p. 240) The communal violence between Hindus and
Muslims has been an often occurrence in India and Pakistan. When looking at the
causes of these clashes, one may find various reasons through books, or public
opinion. We will concentrate on the separating of India into India and Pakistan
as the primary cause of the communal violence. This paper will be expressed
under the following topics: 1. Making of a separate nation. 2. The empowering of
differences. (a) Political actions (b) Sectarian Violence (c) Retreat of
Secularism 3. Ayodhya and its Consequences. The explanation and reasoning for
the Hindu-Muslim clashes is a very large topic which would need a lot of time
and research to document it. This paper will concentrate on the partitioning of
India and will follow the topics mentioned above.
Другие работы по теме:
Moby Dick Essay Essay Research Paper Moby
Moby Dick Essay Essay, Research Paper Moby Dick Essay Throughout time, people have associated their problems with with something bad that happened to them. That thing became the center of their problems by causing a lot of suffering to that person. In Moby Dick, Melville has many interpretations of what the white whale symbolizes.
Ghandi Essay Research Paper On October 2
Ghandi Essay, Research Paper On October 2, 1869, the ?little brown saint? was brought into the world; during this time India was under the British monarchy. During his early years he did not show the signs of developing into the great leader that he eventually became but nevertheless Gandhi aspired to be a lawyer, follow in the footsteps of his father and become a respected member of the community.
Changes In Hinduism Essay Research Paper The
Changes In Hinduism Essay, Research Paper The New Changes In Hinduism Studies and observations diasporic communities have became quite important in recent years. Diaspora is a term given to a group of individuels who have moved away from their mother country and established themselves in a new country.
Muammad Ali Jinnah Essay Research Paper Muhammad
Muammad Ali Jinnah Essay, Research Paper Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s (a.k.a. Father of the Nation or Quaid-e-Azam) achievement as the founder of Pakistan, dominates everything else he did in his long and crowded public life spanning some 42 years. Yet, by any standard, his was an eventful life, his personality multidimensional and his achievements in other fields were many, if not equally great.
Jihad Essay Research Paper These days whenever
Jihad Essay, Research Paper These days whenever you turn on the news, or pick up a newspaper, just about every time, you will hear something about the Muslims. Which would normally be a plus, but unfortunately that is not the case here. Anytime you hear the word Islam or Muslims you also you hear terrorist and bombings along with it.
Mohandas Gandhi Essay Research Paper Satyagraha
Mohandas Gandhi Essay, Research Paper Satyagraha. Meaning “force or firmness of truth, Mohandas Gandhi worked and lived by this word. By peaceful, non-violent demonstrations he, little by little, took hold of the people of India’s love and honor and freed them from British rule. This is his story: On October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India, a region of Queen Victoria, Mohandas Gandhi was born Mohandas Gandhi died in January of 1948. (The actual date is indispute.
Relevance Of Recent War With Persia Essay
, Research Paper Rationing system does not help the mobility of Byzantines against Muslims Question marks over command structure and logistics Cases of non-payment ? Arab stipends, waggoners in
Indian Nationalsim Essay Research Paper Indian nationalism
Indian Nationalsim Essay, Research Paper Indian nationalism was not a simple unification of Indians against colonial rule. There were many complexities involved in forming an organization that sought to speak on behalf of the people, and many of these challenges were posed to the Indian National Congress because their leadership consisted of the Hindu elite.
Describe And Explain Why A Muslim Takes
Part In Hajj, And What This Involves Essay, Research Paper Muslims go on Hajj to cleanse and purify themselves; not just physically but mentally. Another reason is because
Gandhi Essay Research Paper Gandhi the movie
Gandhi Essay, Research Paper Gandhi the movie, a story of one man’s devotion to his religion, opened a whole new aspect of the very different ways of the Hindu religion. The movie portrayed Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi as a man of courageous actions and strong will to pave the path for his people. Gandhi was ready and able to do anything and everything for his country.
Islam Expansion Essay Research Paper The Islamic
Islam Expansion Essay, Research Paper The Islamic civilization spread to such an extensive empire through many techniques. They conquered neighboring areas rapidly. They spread Islam onto the people in three ways. One practice that caused them to spread was their expertise on war. Another would be the forced conversion of Islam to the people.
Gahndi Essay Research Paper GandhiGandhi was born
Gahndi Essay, Research Paper Gandhi Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. He became one of the most respected spiritual and political leaders of the 1900’s. Gandhi helped free the Indian people from British rule through nonviolent resistance, and is honored by his people as the father of the Indian Nation.
Teenagers Problems Essay Research Paper Teenagers problemsToday
Teenagers Problems Essay, Research Paper Teenagers problems Today in the modern society, there a lot of problems, especially problems related with teenagers. A lot of factors influenced in this situation. For example some teenagers felt lack of love from their parents. Another factor is the lack of education because of poverty.
Buddha And Buddhism Essay Research Paper Meeting
Buddha And Buddhism Essay, Research Paper Meeting Islam’s Challenge: The 5 Pillars of Islam Background The Quran is the book of guidance as revealed to the prophet Muhammad. It is the main source of
Mughal Empire Essay Research Paper The greatest
Mughal Empire Essay, Research Paper The greatest flourishing of northern Indian culture, art, and imperial strength undoubtedly took place during the reign of the Mughal monarchs of the 16th and 17th centuries. The Mughals were Central Asian descendents of the great Mongol warriors Ghengis Khan and Timur.
The Crusades Essay Research Paper Crusades Essay
The Crusades Essay, Research Paper Crusades Essay During the years 1095 to 1204, there was a series of campaigns led by the Christians to rid the Holy Land from the Muslims. The Holy Land was the area around Modern Day Jerusalem and Israel, which both Christians and Muslims considered to be rightfully theirs.
Mahatma Gandhi 2 Essay Research Paper Mahatma
Mahatma Gandhi 2 Essay, Research Paper Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was many things. He was a son, a husband, a lawyer, but he was admired worldwide as a great social reformer, political leader, and thinker. Through a unique method of nonviolence, he won civic rights and eventually independence for India s people.
Teens And Problems Essay Research Paper Teens
Teens And Problems Essay, Research Paper Teens and Problems Teens must deal with a wide variety of problems which can be difficult and stressful. These problems can range from peer pressure to dealing with
Indias Religion Essay Research Paper Religion in
India`s Religion Essay, Research Paper Religion in India Religion plays a vital role in the Indian way of life. About 83 percent of the Indian people are Hindus, and about 11 percent are Muslims. The next largest religious groups, in order of size, are Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains. Religious laws of the Hindus and Muslim govern the people?s clothing, food, and marriage.
Mohandes Gandhi Essay Research Paper Gandhi Reflection
Mohandes Gandhi Essay, Research Paper Gandhi Reflection: The Life of Gandhi My view on Gandhi’s life is that of respect. It is truly amazing to see such a person devote his whole life to one certain cause, while capturing the attention of the whole world. After seeing what started Gandhi’s life long journey, one must wonder why such an incident would make him change his whole life.
Religion Traid Essay Research Paper The god
Religion Traid Essay, Research Paper The god Agni was important in the context of the Vedas because Agni was the ancient god of fire. Agni the chief bestower of blessing was called upon to take the ancient Hindus sacrifice to the gods and make the gods present at sacrifice. Vedas scriptures were used for sacrifice during ancient times and the most important aspect of the sacrifice was fire.
Islam Spread Essay Research Paper Islam is
Islam Spread Essay, Research Paper Islam is known as one of the fastest-expanding religions in history. Only contained in Arabia in 632, its conquests led to its expansion to Persia and
Hindu Vs Chirstian Essay Research Paper Joe
Hindu Vs Chirstian Essay, Research Paper Joe Cooper Peace Studies Professor Smith 31 October 2000 Hindu and Christian Approaches to War and Peace As international views on peace differ, so do opinions of different religions. Every culture has its own view on peace and how to attain it. Religious ties in most cases determine these values and laws.
Kashmir Essay Research Paper Since the partition
Kashmir Essay, Research Paper Since the partition of India in 1947, there?s been a dispute over the land of Kashmir. Since the Maharaja of Kashmir sought its Independence but then chose to make the country part of India and the Pakistinians intervened militarily, claiming that their was a national extension of their country.
Ancient India 2
Ancient India – Religion Essay, Research Paper India has long been known as a very spiritual, religious heavy area of the world. In India, religion is a way of life. It is an integral part of the entire Indian tradition. For the majority of Indians, religion permeates every aspect of life, from common-place daily chores to education and politics.
Church And State Essay Research Paper Church
Church And State Essay, Research Paper Church and State When I try to think of solutions to world problems in my mind I end up with a headache, in an absolute state of confusion, which brings me right back to the same problem I started out with. It is like a confusing arithmetic problem that I don?t quite understand but all many possible solutions come to my mind, but the light bulb has just not went off yet.
Islamic Holy Days Essay Research Paper The
Islamic Holy Days Essay, Research Paper The Islamic religion’s holiest city of Mecca (also known as Mekka or Makkah) is located in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It’s importance as a holy city for Muslims harks back to it being the birthplace of the founder of Islam, Mohammed.
Hinduism Essay Research Paper HinduismHinduism was developed
Hinduism Essay, Research Paper Hinduism Hinduism was developed in India and is one of the largest religions in the world. Over centuries Hinduism has spread to Africa, Southeast Asia and England. Around six hundred and fifty million people practice Hinduism. Not only does it have a gigantic number of believers, it has greatly influenced many other religions.
Hinduism Essay Research Paper HinduismIt is not
Hinduism Essay, Research Paper Hinduism It is not sure where the earliest practices of Hinduism came from. The best evidence suggests that it originated from the Indus valley civilization around 4000 B.C. to 2000 B.C. During this time period Hinduism was influenced by many different invasions. Around 1500 B.C. the ?Aryan? Indo European tribes invaded Northern India.
HinduMuslim Relations In India Essay Research Paper
The strife between Hindus and Muslims date back to the 16th century. After the Mughals took over India, there was relative peace for some time between the Hindus and Muslims. This harmony between these two groups broke down, with the harsh Muslim rule at the end of the 17th century. Under the strict Mughal leader Aurangzeb, Taxes were imposed on all Hindus, after they had previously been abolished, Hindu temples were destroyed, and Hindus were forced to convert to Islam.
Hindu Culture Essay Research Paper The Hindu
Hindu Culture Essay, Research Paper The Hindu culture is a very complex culture: which combines rich ethnical and normal beliefs. The view of Hindu culture from the outside as a group or as a
Sikhism Essay Research Paper A way of
Sikhism Essay, Research Paper A way of life and philosophy well ahead of its time when it was founded over 500 years ago, The Sikh religion today has a following of over 20 million people worldwide. Sikhism preaches a message of devotion and remembrance of God at all times, truthful living, equality of mankind, social justice and denounces superstitions and blind rituals.
Ramadan Essay Research Paper RamadanRamdan the ninth
Ramadan Essay, Research Paper Ramadan Ramdan, the ninth month of the Islamic year, is a holy month of fasting ordained by the Koran for all adult Muslims . According to the Koran, the fast of Ramadan has been