Statutes On Hacking Essay, Research Paper
Legislative attention to computer crimes grew dramatically in the early 1980s, as computers became increasingly central to the conduct of business and politics. Instances of hackers, especially among young people, accessing government computer files for sport were becoming alarmingly frequent. A popular culture mythology developed, founded on the ex
ploits of what were regarded as rebel heroes who could single-handedly spy on and sabotage the vast machinations of the corporate and government establishment. Their stories fed a growing culture of aspiring hackers and inspired the media to dramatize, and some would say romanticize, their adventures, as typified by the movie War Games.
In 1981 no clear laws prevented anyone from accessing military computers or the White House switchboard. During that year, 24-year-old Ian Murphy, known in hacking circles as “Captain Zap,” and three cohorts underscored the need for much more clearly articulated legislation when they used a home computer and telephone lines to hack their way into electronic companies’ merchandise order files and government documents. “We were using White House switchboards to make calls to joke lines in Germany (and) snooping in classified military files,” Murphy explained. “We set up dummy corporations. It was hilarious.” The band of hackers was finally “shoehorned … into laws,” as Murphy put it. Indicted for receiving stolen property, Murphy was fined $1000 and sentenced to 2 1/2 years probation.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 was the culmination of several years of research and discussion among legislators. One reason for the lengthy preparation, and perhaps the biggest obstacle to establishing the law, was the difficulty of collecting a substantial body of testimony from computer crime victims. Large corporations were especially reluctant to admit they had been victimized because they were afraid to have their vulnerability publicized. The chief sponsors of the act, Representative William J. Hughes (D-N.J.) and Senators Paul Laxalt (R-Nev.) and Paul Tribble (R-Va.), expected computer crime victims to be much more forthcoming when clear laws and severe penalties were in place.
One of the felony offenses was established to address the unauthorized access of a federal interest computer with the intention to commit fraudulent theft. The other felony was established to address “malicious damage,” which involves altering information in, or preventing the use of, a federal interest computer. A malicious damage violation would have to result in a loss to the victim of $1000 or more, except in cases involving the alteration of medical records.
Perhaps the two most prominent cases to test the new legislation involved Robert Morris, a 22-year-old graduate student at Cornell, and Herbert Zinn, a high school dropout. Zinn, who operated under the name “Shadowhawk,” was the first to be convicted under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986. Zinn was 16 and 17 when he managed to break into AT&T and Department of Defense systems. He was convicted on January 23, 1989, of destroying $174,000 worth of files, copying programs valued at millions of dollars, and publishing passwords and instructions on how to violate computer security systems. Zinn was sentenced to nine months in prison and fined $10,000. It was estimated that Zinn could have received 13 years in prison and a fine of $800,000 if he had been 18 at the time he committed the crimes.
In November, 1988, Morris launched a “worm” program designed to navigate the Internet on its own, searching for security weaknesses it could exploit and multiplying itself. The exponentially expanding worm consumed computer resources until more than 6000 systems had crashed or were seriously crippled. Purging the worm from their systems cost victims several days of productivity and millions of dollars. The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) was formed to deal with similar problems in the future. Morris was convicted and sentenced to three years of probation, 400 hours of community service and a $10,000 fine under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. The sentencing was widely criticized for being too light, but it reflected Morris’ innocuous intentions more than the damage he caused. As Morris’ attorneys pointed out, the worm did not actually modify or delete any files.
The Computer Security Act of 1987 was enacted to mandate that federal agencies like the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department take extra measures to prevent unauthorized access to computers holding sensitive information. The Computer Abuse Amendments Act of 1994 expanded the 1986 Act to address the transmission of viruses and other harmful code.
Sources
“Hacker, 18, Gets Prison Term and Fine”; The Chicago Tribune; February 17, 1989
“House Passes ‘Federal Interest’ Interstate Computer Crime Bill; Computer Fraud, Abuse Penalized”; Computerworld; June 9, 1986
Alexander, Michael; “Prison Term For First U.S. Hacker Law Convict”; Computerworld; February 20, 1989
Другие работы по теме:
Misuse Of Computers
– Hackers Essay, Research Paper In every advance that civilization has made there have been the dishonest and the greedy who quickly learn how to take advantage of the new breakthroughs. The new world of computer technology is no exception. As many people see it, alongside the brilliant programmers came hackers.
Teenage Piracy Essay Research Paper How does
Teenage Piracy Essay, Research Paper How does teenage piracy counteract with society? Is it flawless or does our society bring these young minds out of our world and label them as outcasts?
Loophole Or A Conspiracy Essay Research Paper
Loophole Or A Conspiracy? Virus, Hmmm I am sure that you have heard this word before. I am not talking about the living virus like an influenza virus. I am talking about the computer virus. According to the New York Times, Microsoft, Compaq, and Hewlett Packards computers are at a great risk. I wonder why we the consumer, are in this position? I cannot come up with one straight answer.
Hacking
’s “Objectivity” Essay, Research Paper It is impossible for me to say whether or not I agree completely with Ian Hacking’s work, not having read Kuhn’s work, Foucault’s work or even Hacking’s work in it’s entirety, however by examining Hacking’s claims individually, it may be possible to draw conclusions through the analyzation of his arguments.
Hacking To Peaces Essay Research Paper Hacking
Hacking To Peaces Essay, Research Paper Hacking to Peaces The “Information Superhighway” possesses common traits with a regular highway. People travel on it daily and attempt to get to a predetermined
How To Hack Gameshark Essay Research Paper
How to Hack Gameshark CodesThis “How To” was created by Jerry Bond, one of the gameshark code creators of this site. There may be more coming soon.1. Choosing the kind of hacker to be:There are three kinds of hackers, those who type in anything and hope for agood code (FreeStyle Hackers), those who modify pre-made codes (PlanedHackers) and those who do both (ComboHackers).
Crime And Robbery Essay Research Paper Crime
Crime And Robbery Essay, Research Paper Crime and Robbery Words 1 Thesis: “Crime is the violation of statutes enacted into criminal law by a locality, state, or the federal government” (Macionis, 218). Crimes against property include robbery of another’s personal belongings. Property crimes include burglary, larceny, and auto theft.
What Really Is A Hacker Essay Research
Paper What Really is a Hacker? Dan Parks Julie Jackson – Instructor CIS 101 11-18-96 There is a common misconception among the general public about what constitutes a hacker and what hacking is. Hacking is defined as “gaining
Rape Definition Essay Research Paper The traditional
Rape Definition Essay, Research Paper The traditional legal definition of rape is the performance of sexual intercourse by a man other than her husband with a woman against her will, by force or fraud. This definition has been adapted in the statutes of some jurisdictions; in Canada the crime of rape has been abolished as a separate offense and merged into a wider general category of sexual assault.
John Locke On The Extent Of The
Legislative Power Essay, Research Paper Locke on Politics, Religion, and Education- chap. 1 JOHN LOCKE ON THE EXTENT OF THE LEGISLATIVE POWER It is easy to see where the philosophy behind our country’s system of government was derived from when you read any of Locke’s essays on civil government. In fact if you have read our own Declaration of Independence it is possible to recognize the similarity between it and Lock’s writings.
Mexican Government Essay Research Paper Type of
Mexican Government Essay, Research Paper Type of Government The Mexican type of government is a presidential federal republic. The government has a president and a cabinet. It also has a bicameral legislature, and a judiciary. The government has the three traditional branches that the United States has- the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches.
Hackers Essay Research Paper The popular definition
Hackers Essay, Research Paper The popular definition of a hacker has a negative connotation in today’s society, but computer hackers aren’t criminals by their definition of the word. Their definition deals with how someone
Constitution Essay Research Paper The Constitution of
Constitution Essay, Research Paper The Constitution of the United States of America We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Social Democracy Essay Research Paper Austria is
Social Democracy Essay, Research Paper Austria is a democratic, federal republic. The constitution of Austria provides for a distinct division of power among the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government. Basic human rights and liberties are granted by the constitution and so are the rights of minorities granted as well.
Iron Triangle Essay Research Paper Iron TriangleMany
Iron Triangle Essay, Research Paper Iron Triangle Many governments in the world, like the US have subgovernments, systems that help make the voices’ of small groups interested in specific things heard. Without many subgovernments small interest groups would not even be recongnized. The iron triangle is one of those subgovernments; congressional committees work with interest groups and a bureaucratic agency to have demands met.
Judicial Review Essay Research Paper Towering over
Judicial Review Essay, Research Paper Towering over us all When looking at the three branches of government one sees all the power that the people have given them. One is looking at all the great accomplishments in the history of the U.S.A. In the beginning, the United States government was formed in the intent of having the power fall in the order of executive, legislative, and then judicial.
John Marshall Essay Research Paper John MarshallIn
John Marshall Essay, Research Paper John Marshall In early American history, the powers of the executive and legislative branches of the government were already well defined. However, the judicial branch needed to establish its position as an equal of the other two branches. John Marshall was crucial in making this happen.
French Government Essay Research Paper The modern
French Government Essay, Research Paper The modern French government is run very much like the government of the United States. France is a democratic republic that is divided into three branches,
Hackers Essay Research Paper In the article
Hackers Essay, Research Paper In the article that I read was about Hackers. It talked about the aspects of how the youths of today commit this crime. Hacking overall requires the utmost intelligent. These people that become Hackers have special knowledge and skills in computer programming, Internet use, overwhelmingly bright in mathematics and other important factors.
Presidential Power Essay Research Paper Powers of
Presidential Power Essay, Research Paper Powers of the Presidency The President of the United States is probably the most powerful and influential person in the whole world. Alone, he has full control over the Executive Branch and has a lot of roles that he is the leader of. With this in mind, I think that the power given to the President is still balance along with the Legislative and Judicial Branch.
Essay On Hacking Essay Research Paper Essay
Essay On Hacking Essay, Research Paper Essay On Hacking by Philip Smith A topic that i know very well is computers and computer hacking. Computers seem very complicated and very hard to learn, but, if given time a
Landscaping Essay Research Paper Computer Hacking BasicsComputer
Landscaping Essay, Research Paper Computer Hacking Basics Computer hacking is very popular. With every thing on the Internet having to cost something. Someone will try to hack that database and retrieve free information. As every on knows but doesn?t take very seriously is that hacking is illegal. Hacking is anywhere from hacking in to the school data base and change your grades to make a stop light change with a special clicker.
Hacking Essay Research Paper Hacking has been
Hacking Essay, Research Paper Hacking has been developed over the years to be unstoppable. Newcomers to the hacking community learn the rules by associating with established hackers. Hackers like to hack in order to impress each other.
Hacking Essay Research Paper There are two
Hacking Essay, Research Paper There are two different worlds of computer enthusiasts, that of hacking and of cracking. Hacking is the pursuit to further one s knowledge of a system, usually a computer. Hackers (see appendix) are generally much smarter then your average person and try to further the limits of a system through their understanding.
Computer Hacking Essay Research Paper Computer hacking
Computer Hacking Essay, Research Paper Computer hacking is a very major crime in today’s world. It takes a large amount of intelligence and dedication to be a hacker. Not just anyone can store thousands of commands and codes in their head. Because these hackers are so intelligent it makes them even more dangerous.
Computer Crime 3 Essay Research Paper Ever
Computer Crime 3 Essay, Research Paper Ever since I got my first computer. I have enjoyed working on them. I have learned a tremendous amount of trouble shooting. With my recent computer I have come across computer crime. I got interested in hacking, prhreaking, and salami slicing. But before I go to far, I need to learn more about it like the consequences? One question in mind is what crimes are their and what kind of things you can do with them? I would like to find out why people do thesis things? I would also like to learn the laws against all computer crime?
Framers Ideals And Legislation Essay Research Paper
Framers Ideals and Legislation Branches on the Tree of Liberty Why, if one were concerned with protecting human liberty, would one want to make the legislative branch of government dominant rather than the executive or judicial? Are these good reasons for someone concerned with liberty to distrust a strong executive or a powerful judicial?
Youth Curfew Laws Essay Research Paper Youth
Youth Curfew Laws Essay, Research Paper Youth Curfew Laws In this article about youth curfew laws from the journal, Crime and Delinquency January 2000 issue, they talked about how analysis of the subject provides extremely weak support for the theory that curfews reduce juvenile crime rates. Of the offense and victimization measures, only burglary, larceny, and simple assault arrests significantly decreased after cities adopted curfew statutes.
Comp Of 1850 Essay Research Paper The
Comp Of 1850 Essay, Research Paper The Compromise of 1850 The Compromise of 1850 was a series of five legislative enactment’s, passed by the US Congress during August and September 1850. These measures were designed