Sor Juana Essay, Research Paper
Sor Juana In?s de Asbaje y Ram?rez de Santillana, naci? en 12 de noviembre de 1651 en San Miguel de Nepantla, Amecameca. Fue hija de padre vasco y madre mexicana. Toc?le en suerte vivir una ?poca en que la literatura nacional era copia, m?s o menos fiel, de la espa?ola; culteranisrno, estilo que se agudiza en gongorismo; y la tendencia de los escritores de ese tiempo a escribir ?nicamente en verso, la cual, por la estilizaci?n que prefer?an, cuajaba en composiciones que constitu?an verdaderos logogr?ficos del intelecto: se vest?a a la idea con un ropaje enfarragoso, para luego gozar en desnudarla. Al respecto ha dicho un autor que “en tal ?poca hablar claro era un pecado”. La producci?n de Sor Juana en su gran mayor?a po?tica, con todo y ser presa de la misma afectaci?n, por su sinceridad y fuerza alcanza tonos desconocidos de sus contempor?neos, en grado tal, que hay quienes piensan que ella, y Juan Ruiz de Alarc?n, integran “la mayor gloria de M?xico virreinal”; m?s a?n: que ?nicamente por Sor Juana se salva la literatura del siglo XVII, que era cultivada por “poetas sin condiciones de cultura ni talento”. Su genio manifest?se bien temprano, pues a los tres de edad ard?a ya en deseos de saber leer y escribir; a los ocho compuso una loa al Sant?simo Sacramento, y a los diecisiete, ya cumplidos a?n, domina –dice Karl Vossler– “el dif?cil estilo culterano y est? igualmente bien versada en todos los g?neros y m?tricas de la literatura espa?ola”. Bast?ronle veinte lecciones, que le dict? en bachiller Mart?n de Olivas, para dominar el lat?n con absoluta maestr?a. Su cultura, enciclop?dica, era vast?sima. Religiosa desde las diecis?is a?os (inicialmente en el Convento de Santa Teresa la Antigua y posteriormente en el de San Ger?nimo) en el claustro vio cristalizar la mayor parte de su obra, no obstante lo cual buena parte de ella tiene como motivos asuntos profanos. Tuvo a su cargo la Tesorer?a del Convento y declin? dos veces el puesto de Abadesa, que le fue ofrecido. Antes de profesar, fue dama de la esposa del virrey Mancera. En plena madurez literaria, critic? al P. Vieyra, portugu?s de origen, jesuita, un serm?n, y lo impugn? sosteniendo lo relativo a los l?mites entre lo humano y lo divino, entre el amor de Dios y el de los hombres, lo que dio motivo a que el Obispo de Puebla, D. Manuel Fern?ndez de Santa Cruz (Sor Filotea), le escribiera pidi?ndole que se alejara de las letras profanas y se dedicara por entero a la religi?n. Sor Juana se defendi? en una larga misiva autobiogr?fica, en la cual abog? por las derechos culturales de la mujer y afirm? su derecho a criticar y a impugnar el tal serm?n. No obstante, obedeci?, y al efecto entreg? para su venta los cuatro mil vol?menes de su biblioteca (”quita pesares”, como la llamaba), sus ?tiles cient?ficos y sus instrumentos musicales, para dedicar el producto de ellos a fines piadosos. Cuatro a?os mas tarde, atendiendo a sus hermanas enfermas de fiebre, se contagi? y muri? el 17 de abril de 1695. Las obras de Sor Juana no se han editado completas. Algunas piezas: Los Empe?os de una Casa, Sonetos, Poes?as Escogidas, Autos Sacramentales, etc., etc. han circulado intermitentemente, aisladas del grueso de su producci?n, algunas otras se han perdido. Un Compendio de Armon?a Musical. “El Caracol” Su obra no tiene exclusivamente reflejos gongorinos, pues particularmente a su teatro se le se?alan notables influencias del dramaturgo Calder?n de la Barca, y a?n de Moreto. De ella ha dicho Marcelino Men?ndez y Pelayo “No se juzgue a Sor Juana por sus s?mbolos y jerogl?ficos, por su Neptuno Aleg?rico … por los innumerables rasgos de poes?a trivial y casera de que est?n llenos los romances d?cimas con que amenizaba los saraos de los virreyes Marqu?s de Mancera y Conde de Paredes. Todo esto no es m?s que un curioso documento para la historia de las costumbres coloniales y un claro testimonio de c?mo la tiran?a del medio ambiente puede llegar a pervertir las naturalezas m?s privilegiadas”… “lo que m?s interesa en sus obras es el rar?simo fen?meno psicol?gico que ofrece la persona de su autora”… “hay acentos de sus versos que no pueden venir de la imitaci?n literaria”… “los versos de amor profano de Sor Juana son de los m?s suaves y delicados que han salido de pluma de mujer”. Ha pasado a la Historia con los significativos nombres con que la critica la ha bautizado: ‘La D?cima Musa”, “F?nix de M?xico” y “La Monja Mexicana”.
34f
Martin, Gustavo Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz 1999
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