Paper
1.Introduction:Population has been increased dramatically for last two decades, and at the same time, the area of wilderness area has been decreased (Geography 210 2001 and The Wilderness Society 1999). Human population, at the same time, distributed broader, which affected the number and size of the fragmented area in the wilderness area (Peter et al. 2000). Migrant birds tend to need large breeding habitat area (RRBO 1997). In this paper, I will discuss how the bird population affected by fragmentation and reduction of the wilderness area caused by human interactions. 2. Assumption:Fragmented area will affect the structure and quality of the corridor thus the number of the wildlife, especially I focus on migrant birds, that use corridor will be effected. 3. Description of general characteristics of migrant birds:4. How actually correlated to fragmentation and birds: Many researchers think many Neotropical migrant bird species are declining at local or regional level because of habitat loss or fragmentation (Friesen et al. 1995 and Donovan et al. 1995). They researched the relationship of avian population and its diversity related to forest size and its structure. Friesen et al. (1995) found out that development close to the edge decrease the population of avian, no matter what forest size is. Donovan et al. (1995) did the similar approach to their study. They researched the relationship of the population of Neotropical migrant birds and degree of fragmentation in source habitat. The authors recognize that fragmentation of the source habitat lead to declination of the total population of the species. They perceived under two scenarios: having weak sources and having strong sources. When the fragmented area was weak and which has low productivity to support the population, connectivity to the available natural habitat is important to maintain both population size and its structure. As another circumstance, when the fragmented area was strong and which has large productivity to support the population, little connection to the natural habitat does not affect to the total population to maintain its population size and its structure.Bolger et al. (1997) studied coastal area of the San Diego County, California that covers 260 km2 and includes continuous from chunk of undeveloped shrub habitat area into internally fragmented area and into discrete pattern of habitat area in an urban matrix. They found out that the population of the edge sensitive migrant birds declined between 200 to 500 meters of an edge, whereas the population of the edge/fragmentation enhanced species increased up to 1000 meter from an edge. 5. Suggestions:There are a few considerations that I will point out in managing wilderness area that is habitat area for migrant birds. As Bolger et al. (1997) pointed out, most of the study based on GIS analysis tends to fix the relationship between species abundance and habitat structure. This may underestimate the risk of sensitive species on heterogeneous landscape because there is a possibility that the abundance of the edge sensitive species could differ corresponding with landscape location. Considering ecological features in the forest and recognizing threshold for housing development which could influence forest function is another consideration to manage wilderness area, especially when planning and practicing development on forest edges. Friesen et al. (1995) did survey and found discovered that the abundance of the Neotropical migrant bird communities was richer in 4-ha woodlots without any nearby house than 25-ha urban woodlots .
Reference:Bisson, I.A. and B.J.M.Stutchbury. 2000. Nesting success and nest-site selection by a neotropical migrant in a fragmented landscape. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:858-863.Bolger, D.T., Scott, T.A., and Rotenberry, J.T. 1997. Breeding bird abundance in an urbanizing landscape in coastal southern California. Conservation Biology 11(2): 406-421.Boren, J.C., Engle, D.M., Palmer, M.W., Masters, R.E., and Criner, T. 1999. Land use change effects on breeding bird community composition. Journal of Range Management 52(5): 420-430.Cole, D.N. 2000. Wilderness science in a time of change conference: Missoula, Montana. Available Online: wilderness/pubs/science1999Donovan, T.M., R.H. Lamberson, A. Kimber, F.R.Thompson III, and J.Faaborg. 1995. Modeling the effects of habitat fragmentation on source and sink demography of neotropical migrant birds. Conservation Biology 9:1396-1407.Donovan, T. M., F.R.Thompson III, J. Faaborg, and J.R.Probst. 1995. Reproductive success of migratory birds in habitat sources and sinks. Conservation Biology 9:1380-1395.Friesen, L.F., M.D.Cadman, and R.J. MacKay. 1999. Nesting success of neotropical migrant songbirds in a highly fragmented landscape. Conservation Biology. 13:338-346.Friesen, L.F., P.F.J.Eagles, and R.J.Mackay. 1995. Effects of residential development on forest-dwelling neotropical migrant songbirds. Conservation Biology 6:1408-1414.Geography 210: Introduction to Environmental Issues. Online. Internet. April 4, 2001. Available geog.ouc.bc.ca/conted/onlinecourses/geog_210/contents/210 3 3 4.htmlGrant, T.A. and G.B.Berkey. 1999. Forest area and avian diversity in fragmented aspen woodland of North Dakota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:904-914.Hahn, D.C. and J.S.Hatfield. 1995. Parasitism at the landscape scale: cowbirds prefer forests. Conservation Biology 9:1415-1424.James, F. C., C.E.McCulloch, and D.A.Wiedenfeld. 1996. New approach to the analysis of population trends in land birds. Ecology 77:13-27.Keyser, A.J., G.E.Hill, and E.C. Soehren. 1997. Effects of forest fragment size, nest density, and proximity to edge on the risk of predation to ground-nesting passerine birds. Conservation Biology 12:986-994.Kilgo, J.C., K.V. Miller, and W.P.Smith. 1999. Effects of group-selection timber harvest in bottomland hardwoods on fall migrant birds. Journal of Field Ornithology 70:404-413.Klemens, J.A., R.G. Harper, J.A. Frick, A.P.Capparella, H.B.Richardson, and M.J.Coffey. 2000. Patterns of organochlorine pesticide contamination in Neotropical migrant passerines in relation to diet and winter habitat. Chemosphere 41:1107-1113.Murphy, D.D. and B.R. Noon. 1992. Integrating scientific methods with habitat conservation planning: reserve design for spotted owls. Ecological Applications 2:3-17.Julie Craves. 1997. Neotropical migrant birds: threats to populations breeding in the Midwest. Natural Areas Department, University of Michigan Dearborn, Rouge River Bird Observatory (RRBO) Available Online: umd.umich.edu/dept/rouge_river/threats.htmlPowell, L.A., J.D.Lang, M.J.Conroy, and D.G.Krementz. 2000. Effects of forest management on density, survival, and population growth of wood thrushes. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:11-23.Schmiegelow, F.K.A., Machtans, C.S., and Hannon, S.J. 1997. Are boreal birds resilient to forest fragmentation? An experimental study of short-term community responses. Ecology 78(6): 1914-1932.Sherry, T.W. and Holmes, R.T. 1996. Winter habitat quality, population limitation, and conservation of neotropical-nearctic migrant birds. Ecology 77(1): 36-48.Simons, T.R., G.L.Farnsworth, and S.A. Shriner. 2000. Evaluating Great Smoky Mountains National Park as a population source for the Wood Thrush. Conservation Biology 14:1133-1144.The Wilderness Society. 1999. What is wilderness? / Wilderness Protection and management. Available Online: wilderness.au/
Другие работы по теме:
Your Own Ending To Birds Essay Research
Paper The Birds The birds kept on hitting the door. Nat took his family into the living room, and moved the couch against the door. On the floor where the couch was there was a trap door. Nat and his family went into the trap door and
American Culture Essay Research Paper 091300SOCA 10202On
American Culture Essay, Research Paper 091300 SOCA 102-02 On American Culture To a typical foreign anthropologist American culture could be seen very competitive and individualistic. While other countries only play 1 or 2 sports throughout their nation, North America is involved in a vast variety of competitive sports.
The Cambrian Period Essay Research Paper The
The Cambrian Period Essay, Research Paper The Cambrian Period Science 10/26/95 During the Cambrian Period a lot of things happened both geologically and biologically. The Cambrian Period was the first period of the Paleozoic
U.S.A Was Unable To Win The Vietnam
War Because… Essay, Research Paper The U.S.A was unable to win the Vietnam War because they realised too late that the real war in Vietnam was not a military one but a political one.
Peyote Essay Research Paper PeyoteA Native Americans
Peyote Essay, Research Paper Peyote: A Native Americans Way of Life The Native American tribes of Mexico and North America have used peyote in religious ceremonies for thousands of years. Peyote in an Indians eye is a healing drug, a medicine . North Americans might say it s a hallucinogenic drug and that it is very dangerous to one s health.
Environmental Archaeology Essay Research Paper IF
Environmental Archaeology Essay, Research Paper IF we want to know how humans functioned we must know what their world was like ? thus environmental reconstruction Geomorphical and biological processes occurring
Dodo Birds Essay Research Paper Dodo BirdThe
Dodo Birds Essay, Research Paper Dodo Bird The dodo bird is a large, flightless bird, now extinct. The Mauritius dodo once inhabited the forests of the island of Mauritius. About the size of a turkey, the bird had a large hooked bill, undeveloped wings and tail, and short, thick, yellow legs. It laid a single, large egg in a ground nest made of grass.
Comparison Of Organisms In Different Microhabitats Essay
, Research Paper A Comparison of Organisms in Different Microhabitats Jessica Hilkey Meeker High School, Meeker, CO 81641 Abstract: On September 12 we started a long-term study of the foothills zone north of the Meeker High School. We evaluated the different organisms in different microhabitats, and studied to see if the habitats were significantly different.
USA Essay Research Paper 4 American Civil
USA Essay, Research Paper 4. American Civil War The war between states, in the U. S. history, a four-year war (1861-65) between the federal government of the U. S. and eleven Southern states that asserted their right to secede from the Union. The secession of the Southern states in 1860-61 and the ensuing outbreak of armed hostilities were the culmination of decades of growing sectional friction over the related issues of slavery, trade, and tariffs, and the doctrine of state?s rights.
American Goldfinch Essay Research Paper The American
American Goldfinch Essay, Research Paper The American Goldfinch The American Goldfinch is a typical member of the North American seed-eating birds that are members of the finch, or Fringillidae, family. This state bird has adapted to eating seeds with its short, heavy, and conical beak. American Goldfinches use their feet extensively.
Dinosaurs And Birds Essay Research Paper Are
Dinosaurs And Birds Essay, Research Paper Are birds really dinosaurs or are they simply related? That is a question that has gained new life in recent years due to the overwhelming facts the are pouring in from newly found fossils and studies from fossils that have been found in the past. Two groups have formed in the study of this question: those who believe birds are a direct result of dinosaurs and those who feel dinosaurs and birds must have had a common ancestor.
Birds Essay Research Paper The forum speech
Birds Essay, Research Paper The forum speech given on Friday the 14th of April was very interesting to me. Dr. Kirsten Murtagh, the Associate Vice President of The Northern Campuses of FAU, gave her speech on bird watching in Southern Florida. She started out her talk with a quote from Walt Whitman. He said that vagueness and ignorance helps enjoyment.
Summary On The Birds Essay Research Paper
Summary on The Birds Two humans, Euelpides and Pithetaerus, set out with a jay and crow to find Epops. The discuss with Epops how the birds are mightier then the humans and gods and should build their great city. Epops then calls some birds around and they all come. At first, they thought some trespassers had come so they attacked the two humans, but then stopped to listen to what the humans wanted to say.
Korean War Essay Research Paper Causes of
Korean War Essay, Research Paper Causes of the Korean War Essay # 2 By: Dylan Foreman After the Japanese gained control of Korea in and made it part of Japan. The Allies defeated Japan in World War II (1939-1945) and U.S. and Soviet forces moved into Korea. Soviet troops occupied North Korea and American troops occupied South Korea.
The Korean War Essay Research Paper The
The Korean War Essay, Research Paper The Korean War was a war that at the time, many Americans thought was a worthwhile battle. Latter, people would come to believe that the war was not as important as they believed. The Soviet Union would fall and communism would not be a threat in world?s views. I share the belief that the battle was not as important as it was lead to believe.
Big Green Trees Essay Research Paper Big
Big Green Trees Essay, Research Paper Big green trees Is what I see, Looking at me happily Bright green grass As thick as can be, Feels so very soft to me Birds and squirrels are playing around
Concerns That Caused The Settlement Of British
North America Essay, Research Paper I believe that throughout the Colonial period, economic concerns had more to do with the settling of British North America than did religious reasons. First, according to my textbook, the British originally sponsored trips over to the New World only after other countries were profiting from their collections of goods and new trade ports.
Sea Eagles Essay Research Paper The sea
Sea Eagles Essay, Research Paper The sea eagle, which is also called an erne, is not closely or at all related to the golden eagles but is somewhat realted to certain kinds of vultures. The sea eagal has unfethered lower legs, and a bright yellow bill. Which is a lot longer and heavier than the gray bill of the golden eagals.
Barbados Essay Research Paper BarbadosThe Barbados is
Barbados Essay, Research Paper Barbados The Barbados is a small country located in the Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, northeast of Venezuela. It?s about 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC. The population of the country is 256,395, with a growth rate of .25%. 80% of their population is African American and the most common language is English.
Updike Essay Research Paper All poets have
Updike Essay, Research Paper All poets have a certain structure in order for their poem to be understood in an artistic and unique way. Through the use of organization, diction and
When Did The First Americans Appear Essay
, Research Paper When did people first come to North America is a highly publicized question in archaeology. This question has been the focal point of many archaeologists careers. Although this question is really no more important than any other unanswered archaeological question; it remains a cataclysm for many, if not all, North American archaeologists
The Everglades Essay Research Paper The EvergladesThe
The Everglades Essay, Research Paper The Everglades The Everglades is a unique wetland ecosystem on the margin of the tropics. Its slow flow of water supports grasslands, thick forests, and a diverse group of animal, fish, and bird. The Everglades originated between 8000 to 10,000 years ago at the end of the most recent of the ice age.
General George Meade Essay Research Paper General
General George Meade Essay, Research Paper General Meade Do you know who was the general for the Second Battle of Bull Run? Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is, but who was the general? Some people even know that the north won that battle. Most people do not know that General George Meade defeated General Lee at that battle.
George Meade Essay Research Paper Do you
George Meade Essay, Research Paper Do you know who was the general for the Second Battle of Bull Run? Everyone knows what the Second Battle of Bull Run is but who was the general? Some people even know
The Birds Essay Research Paper The Birds
The Birds Essay, Research Paper The Birds Essay submitted by Josh Weiss The short story “The Birds” was written by Daphne du Maurrier and was filmed and directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It has a very interesting and suspenseful plot. The short
Manifest Destiny Essay Research Paper Manifest DestinyWhat
Manifest Destiny Essay, Research Paper Manifest Destiny What does the painting Manifest Destiny represent? Does it show an image of hope, or one of despair? To answer a question like this one would have to understand what manifest destiny is.
Korean Conflict Essay Research Paper North Korea
Korean Conflict Essay, Research Paper North Korea and South Korea was once one country combined. That changed soon after World War II. Since the Soviet Union controlled North Korea it was mainly
American Civil War Essay Research Paper American
American Civil War Essay, Research Paper American Civil WarThe American Civil War was a grave turning point in the history of North America. It was a conflict that pitted the Northern states of the American union against the Southern states. The war raged for four years, from 1861 to 1865, and was marked by some of the fiercest military campaigns in modern history.
A Birds Christmas Essay Research Paper A
A Birds Christmas Essay, Research Paper A birds christmas is a classic example of not judging a book by its cover. When you read the title a Birds Christmas you probably think ok a bird as in chirp shirp well you’re wrong. A birds X-mas Carol is about a family (the birds) and their new daughter born on x-mas. The grandmother thought since the new girl was born on x-mas an approriet name for her would be carol.