Bernoullian Thoughts Essay, Research Paper
Daniel Bernoulli was born into a family of
mathemeticians on February 8, 1700. He was the only person
in his family to make an impressive mark on physics.
Bernoulli became a Swiss physicist and mathmatician who made
enourmous contributions to the world of physics. He
uncovered many significant phenomena in hydrodynamics, and
in 1738, published his most famous work, Hydrodynamica,
which was a study of equilibrium, pressure, and velocity of
fluids. He proved that as the velocity of fluid flow
increases, its pressure decreases. Bernoulli?s principle
was an early formulation of the subsequent idea of ?the
conservation of energy?.
Bernoulli?s Hydrodynamica was also the first attemt to
explainof the behavior of gasses with changing pressure and
temperature. This was the beginning of the kinetic theory of
gasses. His gas model has been revived and transformed into
a powerful theory regarding the thermal and mechanical
properties of gases using the atomic hypothesis.
Bernoulli thought of the ?corpuscles? of the gas as so
minute that there were ?practically an infinite number?
under ordinary conditions, even in a small container. In
their rapid motion, these corpuscles collide with each other
and also with the rigid walls of the closed vessel. The
collisions, however, can be assumed to be perfectly elastic;
therefore, the kinetic energy of the particles is conserved
and the motion can continue undiminished. Therefore, the
pressure which the gas is expected to exert against all
sides of the container is caused by the incessant impact of
millions of high speed particles; hence the name ?impact
theory? of gas pressure.
Imagine a gas filled cylindrical container with the top
end that is able to slide up and down, in and out like a
piston. If the volume is slowly decreased, the corpuscles
are more crowded in the progressively smaller space and the
number of collisions per second with the walls would be
larger (i.e., the pressure should become greater, as
observed). Bernoulli even calculated the magnitude of this
expected increase and found that it corresponded to Boyle?s
experimental law.
At the time of Bernoulli?s discovery, his work was
generally ignored. The lack of general attention was due to
the unclear knowledge of gases. Yet more than a century
later, his work simultaneously clarified the main problems
of the nature of gases, heat and chemistry. For Bernoulli,
in effect, had made two enormous leaps in his thinking for
which most scientists were not ready to take. First, he
illucidates, the direct equivalence of heat and internal
molecular motion, ignoring any interactions between the two.
Second, he confirmed the idea that a well-defined numerical
relationship, such as Boyle?s simple law, could be deduced
from a chaotic picture of randomly moving particles.
Bernoulli?s principle was centerd around the notion
that we suppose a small portion of liquid flow from one
point to another point, and that change of position is
affected without incurring any waste of energy. From the
principle of conservation of energy, it may be asserted that
the total energy is not changed during the displacement.
This statement is known as Bernoulli?s theorem and is often
expressed as:
P + 1/2 pv2 + pgy = constant
Bernoulli?s equation states that the sum of the pressure
(P), the kinetic energy per volume (1/2 pv2), and the
potential energy per unit volume (pgy) have the same value
at all points along a streamline. Using Bernoulli?s law,
because there is no waste of energy during the passage of
the liquid, the total energies at each three places are
equal. If the fluid is incompressible then the internal
energy is the same, which proves, in turn, that Bernoulli?s
equation holds true along any streamline.
Bernoulli?s foregoing principle explains a number of
phenomena about the behavior of liquids which, at first,
seem strange. Suppose two ships are steaming side by side
in still water: The relative motion of the ships with
respect to the water will remain unchanged if the ships are
imagined to be stationary and the water imagined to flow
with the same velocity in the opposite direction. the water
entrapped between the ships will speed up because of the
narrow space. As a consequence, the pressure in the water
between the ships will be reduced and will become less than
the water pressure on the far sides of the ships. The
excess pressure will cause the ships to become closer in
proximity.
Bernoulli?s theorem, when applied to gasses instead of
liquids, explains such effects as the curved flight of a
tennis ball that is spinning when served, the action of an
atomizer in dividing a jet of liquid into a fine spray, the
reduction of gas pressure in a container by using an
aspirator connected to a water faucet and the propulsion of
a ship by wind power using cylindrical rotors instead of
sails.
Bernoulli?s theorem provides a means for measuring the
flow of a liquid through a pipe. A section of pipe
containing a constriction or throat is inserted in the pipe
line and the pressures are measured both at the throat and
in the pipe by pressure gauges or their equivalent. The
rise of liquid in small tubes, called manometers, indicate
the pressure. The pipe beyond the throat flares out slowly
so that the velocity of the liquid can be reduced without
disturbing the streamline flow.
Since the velocity of the liquid is greater at the
throat than in the pipe, the pressure at the throat will be
less than that in the pipe, as prescribed by Bernoulli?s
equation, and consequently, the liquid in the throat
manometer elevations, together with a knowledge of the
cross-sections of pipe and throat, permit the liquid flow to
be measured. This device is known as a Venturi meter.
Bernoulli?s theorem is not only applicable for liquids,
but also for gasses. In this case, the mathematical
treatment is complicated by the fact that gases are highly
compressible, but the general effect is the same as
previously described; namely, that when a flowing stream of
gas speeds up, its pressure decreases, and vice versa.
The lift on an aircraft wing can be explained by this
effect. Airplane wings are designed so that the air speed
above the wing is greater than that below the wing. As a
result, the air pressure above the wing is less than the
pressure below, and there is a net upward force on the wing
called the ?lift?.
In conclusion, Bernoulli contributed much to the world
and to the realm of physics. Daniel Bernoulli derived a
fundamental expression that relates pressure to fluid speed
and elevation. Bernoulli?s equation is not a freestanding
law of physics, but instead a consequence of energy
conservation as applied to the ideal fluid.
References
Adiar, Robert. The Great Design: Particles, Fields and
Creation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Benton, William. ?Bernoulli, Daniel?. Encyclopedia
Britannic. 1969.
Duncan and Starling. A Textbook of Physics. London:
Macmillan and Co. 1948.
Furry, Purcell and Street. Physics. New York: Blankston
Co. 1952.
Другие работы по теме:
Bernoulli Principle Essay Research Paper Airflow over
Bernoulli Principle Essay, Research Paper Airflow over an airfoil Flight is one of the most important achievements of mankind. We owe this achievement to the invention of the airfoil and understanding the physics that allow it to lift enormous weights into the sky.
Poem Fading Away Essay Research Paper as
Poem: Fading Away Essay, Research Paper as i gaze at the falling rain trying to get away from all the pain som uch tension rising in the air dying inside does anyone care
Bernoulli
’s Principle Essay, Research Paper Bernoulli’s Principle Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss scientist, stated that fast moving air results in lower pressure than slow moving air. Which means high pressure air always moves towards a lower pressure area. The force of the moving air is called lift. If this principle had not been discovered, airplanes may not even be here.
Book Report Essay Research Paper The Chosen
Book Report Essay, Research Paper The Chosen, Chaim Potok The Chosen is about two Jewish boys, one a Orthodox Jew and one a Hasidic Jew, and how different and yet the same their lives are. The orthodox Jew, Reuven, is the main character of the story. He lives with his father and his mother is dead. Reuven is a very nice boy who is fourteen years old and aspires to be a Rabbi when he grows up.
Robinson Crusoe Essay Research Paper Daniel Defoes
Robinson Crusoe Essay, Research Paper Daniel Defoe?s most famous novel was published in 1719 with the full title, The Life and strange and surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It is based, in fact, upon the experiences of Alexander Selkirk who had run away to sea in 1704 and requested to be left on an uninhabited island to be rescued five years later.
Flowers For Algeron Essay Research Paper The
Flowers For Algeron Essay, Research Paper The story “Flowers for Algernon”, by Daniel Keyes, that we read in English was about a mentally retarded person, named Charlie who had an operation to increase his intelligence, but the operation was a failure and Charlie is slow again. He wants to move now so society won t ridicule him for being slow again.
Moments Essay Research Paper I know I
Moments Essay, Research Paper I know I said yes, But deep down inside, Divided, Undecided. Days passed. That night, Before the day, Sleepless, Full of thoughts,
Nature Of Man Essay Research Paper Daniel
Nature Of Man Essay, Research Paper Daniel Hildreth Period 2 Man, in defining himself religiously, chooses from beliefs that contribute to the identity he molds, an identity that differentiates him from the norm of society. In Bless Me Ultima, the author Rodolfo Anaya addresses the battle against conformity man endures while trying to discover what he believes in spiritually.
Poem Do You Know Mom
…? Essay, Research Paper Do you know mom…? Every night before I go to sleep, I think about you, As I lay in bed, alone in my own little world of thoughts, You are there with me “my mother.”
Daniel Boone Essay Research Paper More than
Daniel Boone Essay, Research Paper More than any other man, Daniel Boone was responsible for the exploration and settlement of Kentucky. His grandfather came from England to America in 1717. His father was a weaver and blacksmith, and he raised livestock in the country near Reading, Pennsylvania. Daniel was born there on November 2, 1734.
Robinsin Crusoe Essay Research Paper A book
Robinsin Crusoe Essay, Research Paper A book review of Daniel Defoe’s: Robinson Crusoe Robinson Crusoe is an imaginary story about a merchant-adventure marooned on a desert island off the northern coast of South America. Daniel Defoe wrote this novel in 1719.He based the story partly on the experiences of a Scottish sailor, Alexander Selkirk, but defoe’s realistic account of Crusoe’s like is much more interesting, and has become one of the most popular books in English.
Tarnished Thoughts Essay Research Paper TARNISHED THOUGHTS
Tarnished Thoughts Essay, Research Paper TARNISHED THOUGHTS A hot smile rose from the tarnished thoughtsPerched high to display the providence in anarchyRusting noises in the weeds yonderHeavy breath and retreating sighsEvery thought is rendered useless and torn and disposed of like a waste paper sailing in the brisk windWish this could be easier;But in the mirror man only sees what he want;Brainwashed by his own infamy.There is poetry where one addresses his shortcomingsSitting peacefully and recognizing our many incompetences, we re relieved of our need to be better
Setting Essay Essay Research Paper Setting EssayThere
Setting Essay Essay, Research Paper Setting Essay There is a place high in the limestone bluffs of Southern Illinois, where Daniel loves to spend his time. He perches on fallen tree trunks and watches flowers bloom in the springtime. He inhales their fragrant smell and daydreams until evening. This green haven of luscious moss and feathery ferns is peaceful year round.
Mrs Doubtfire Essay Research Paper MRS DOUBTFIREMrs
Mrs. Doubtfire Essay, Research Paper MRS. DOUBTFIRE Mrs. Doubtfire is the creation of a man, unwilling to accept the role of being a weekend father. Daniel, the father, is determined to spend more time with his children and goes to extreme measures to do so. When Daniels wife, Miranda, starts divorce proceedings, he impersonates a middle-age female English nanny.
Terwilliger Bunts One Essay Research Paper In
Terwilliger Bunts One Essay, Research Paper In reading “Terwilliger Bunts One,” I got the impression Annie Dillard’s mom would be successful in English 101 because she questions word usage, forcing people to think about what they say, to insure their thoughts are interpreted properly. “No wonder you listen to baseball.
Poem How Much You Mean To Me
My Love Essay, Research Paper How much do you mean to me my love? The oceans and heavens could not contain my thoughts for you. If all the writers of the world sat down, they still could not describe your endless beauty.
Airplanes Essay Research Paper ResearchAirplanes are an
Airplanes Essay, Research Paper Research: Airplanes are an efficient way of traveling to far places. Airplanes are amazing if you know what and how the air keeps the plane airborne. There are three components of flight: aerodynamics, the Bernoulli principal and supersonic flight. Some other things about flight are the four forces, lift, drag, weight, and thrust.
Daniel Webster Essay Research Paper Daniel Webster
Daniel Webster Essay, Research Paper Daniel Webster was the ninth born son of Ebenezer Webster, who was a farmer and tavern-keeper. He was born in Salisbury, New Hampshire on January 18th in 1782. He was nicknamed ?Black Dan.? When he was a child he was mostly bedridden, many thought he wouldn?t make it. He was forced to read.
Daniel Boone Essay Research Paper Daniel Boone
Daniel Boone Essay, Research Paper Daniel Boone was responsible for the exploration and settlement of Kentucky. Daniel?s father was a weaver and blacksmith, and raised livestock in the country near
Music 2
Music & Movies Essay, Research Paper Music & Movies This paper is based on what I know about music. Music is a way of life, and life would be a mistake without music. Music can encourage ones emotions, thoughts, and feelings.
The Man On The Train With The
Glasses Essay, Research Paper How is it that one’s thoughts can enter another’s mind? The paper reads dreadfully slow I was minding my own business She was sitting across from me
Thoughts Essay Research Paper Dear God I
Thoughts Essay, Research Paper Dear God, I come to you not in a time of need, but in a time of worry, Dear God, all I see around me now is greed, and yet, Who am I to point a finger at others, when I know deep inside,
Hell Day Essay Research Paper Hell day
Hell Day Essay, Research Paper Hell day is a fun day where everything is like a burn day. If you would listen you could learn about this day and be apart of this day. If you are wise then you will relize that hell day is satans Birthday!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Bull Rider Essay Research Paper I can
Bull Rider Essay, Research Paper I can remember my first time to ride a bull All of the thoughts in my head were nice and full The sight of the beast below me was scary