Mononucleus Essay, Research Paper
MononucleusBacteriaThe smallest living things on earth are the prokaryotic cells. Bacteria fall into the Monera Kingdom. They have a single DNA molecule in the cytoplasm. Almost all monerans have a cell wall that protects the cell and gives it its shape. Some monerans have a layer outside the cell wall called the capsule. This helps the cell cling to surfaces.A typical bacterium is about 2 micrometers long. Inside the cell, there are nucleic acids, enzymes, and other substances necessary to carry out the cells life process. Bacterium have long , thin, hairlike structures called flagella. They act as a propeller, as they rotate and move in response to chemical stimulation. Some have strands of pili , which enables them to stick itself to a surface.Some shell shapes important in classifying monera are: spherical cells, called cocci ; Rod shaped cells called bacilli, and spiral shaped cells called spirilli. There are over 16,000 species of monerans. Bacteria Showing Flagella Disease Causing BacteriaTwo main groups of bacteria exist: the saprophytes, which live on dead animal and vegetable matter; and the symbionts, which live on or in living animal or vegetable matter. Saprophytes are important because they decompose dead animals and plants into their constituting elements, making them available as food for plants. Symbiotic bacteria are a normal part of many human tissues, including the alimentary canal and the skin, where they may be essential to certain processes. Bacteria are involved in the spoilage of meat, wine, vegetables, and milk and other dairy products. Bacterial action may render such foods unpalatable by changing their composition. Bacterial growth in foods can also lead to food poisoning such as that caused by botulism. On the other hand, bacteria are of great importance in many industries. The fermentative capabilities of various species are used for the production of cheese, yogurt, pickles, and sauerkraut. Bacteria are also important in the production of tanned leather, tobacco, textiles and various enzymes, polysaccharides, and detergents.About 200 species of bacteria are pathogenic, or disease causing, for humans. Pathogenicity varies widely among various species and is dependent on both the harshness of the particular species and the condition of the host organism. The bacteria responsible for human disease are those that cause cholera, lockjaw, gas gangrene, leprosy, plague, bacillary dysentery, tuberculosis, syphilis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, undulant fever, and several forms of pneumonia. Until the discovery of viruses, bacteria were considered the causative agents of all infectious diseases. VirusesViruses are submicroscopic parasites that consist of either RNA or DNA, but never both. There is also a protective coat of protein or of protein combined with lipid or carbohydrate components. The nucleic acid is usually a single molecule, either singly or doubly stranded. Some viruses, however, may have nucleic acid that is segmented into two or more pieces. The protein shell is termed the capsid, and the protein subunits of the capsid are called capsomeres. Together these form the nucleocapsid. The complete virus particle is called the virion. Viruses replication can take place only in actively metabolizing cells. Outside of living cells, viruses exist as idle macromolecules. The smallest viruses are icosahedrons (20-sided polygons) that measure about 18 to 20 nanometers wide (one-millionth of a millimeter = 1 nanometer). The largest viruses are rod shaped. Some rod-shaped viruses may measure several microns in length, but they are still usually less than 100 nanometers in width. Therefore, the widths of even the largest viruses are below the limits of the light microscope, which is used to study bacteria and other large microorganisms. “Virus Structure”To cause new cases of disease, viruses must be spread from person to person. Many viruses, such as those causing influenza and measles, are transmitted by the respiratory route when virus-containing droplets are put into the air by people coughing and sneezing. Still others, such as yellow fever and viruses called arboviruses, are spread by biting insects. Viral diseases are either endemic (present most of the time), causing disease in susceptible persons, or epidemic that is, they come in large waves and attack thousands of people. The only effective way to prevent viral infection is by the use of vaccines. For example, vaccination for smallpox on a worldwide scale in the 1970s eradicated this disease. Many antiviral vaccines have been developed for humans and other animals. Those for humans include vaccines for rubeola (also known as measles), rubella, poliomyelitis, and influenza. Immunization with a virus vaccine stimulates the body’s immune mechanism to produce a protein called an antibody that will protect against infection with the immunizing virus. The viruses are always altered before they are used for immunization so that they cannot themselves produce disease.
Upper Left – Aids VirusUpper Right – Chicken PoxLower Left – RabiesLower Right – Hepatitis BMononucleosisMononucleosis is a common viral illness common among young adults. It is transmitted by mucus or saliva, either through direct contact (for that reason the nickname the “Kissing Disease”), or by airborne droplets of saliva or mucus. The usual symptoms of mononucleosis are fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes in the back of neck, fatigue and general discomfort. In many cases, a faint body rash occurs. Most cases of mononucleosis are detectable by blood test. Severe cases do occur, but the typical case of mononucleosis lasts only 10 to 14 days. Lingering fatigue may last a few weeks or several months after other symptoms subside.No medication can cure mononucleosis; antibiotics have no effect on uncomplicated cases. Non-prescription drugs such as aspirin substitutes and throat lozenges are often suggested to relieve the symptoms of sore throat and fever. Rest, extra sleep, and liquids are also a part of recovery. If the following are carried out, most patients recover fully from mononucleosis within two to three weeks. In some cases, the spleen, a blood filtering organ in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, may become swollen and weakened. Rarely, the spleen may rupture, either spontaneously or as the result of sudden pressure on the abdomen. Rupture of the spleen is indicated by severe abdominal pain. This complication is very rare but quite serious and may be life-threatening. “Roof of mouth on infected subject”Statistics on Mononucleosis :Agent : Epstein-Barr virusMethod of spread : Droplet and by direct oral contact.Incubation period : 7 to 10 days.Infectious period : Not known, probably during the infection.Treatment regime : Symptomatic; if severe possibly give steroids.Symptoms : Acute, mild infection with a sore throat, fever and headache leading to malaise, tiredness and loss of appetite. A characteristic rash may appear in the adult, which is often made worse if penicillin is being taken concurrently. Occasionally continues as a general tiredness and weakness for 2 or 3 months.Notes : Also known as the ‘kissing disease’ and Glandular Fever. The Paul Bunnel test becomes positive after 10 days. PneumoniaBefore antibiotics, the most common cause of death in adults was lobar pneumonia, an infection caused by the pneumococcus, a bacterium formally known as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pneumonia often occurs in winter, after a respiratory infection. Usual symptoms include a single, shaking chill, followed by a fever of about 40. C (about 104. F), pain in the chest on breathing, cough, and blood-streaked sputum. The pneumococcus usually attacks an entire lobe or a portion of a lobe of the lung; in double pneumonia, it attacks both lungs. Prompt treatment with penicillin can cure pneumonia within a few days. About 500,000 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia still develop in the United States each year; about 10 percent of these cases are fatal, particularly in older people. In 1977 a vaccine that gives immunity against the most deadly forms of pneumonia was licensed. It is now given to people over the age of 50 and to those with chronic heart, lung, or liver disease. Statistics on Pneumonia :Agent : Mycoplasma PneumoniaeMethod of spread : Airborne.Incubation period : 7 to 21 days.Infectious period : During infection.Treatment regime : Antibiotic therapy.Symptoms : Slow, insidious onset with headache, fever, malaise, chills and cough, which is at first unproductive then blood tinged and productive. Responds well to antibiotics. Often occurs in crowded conditions and institutions.Notes : Usually affects children and young adultsComparison Many aspects of Pneumonia and Mononucleosis are alike. A few things common between them are the methods in which they are spread. Mono can be transmitted by airborne droplets created by a cough, as well as Pneumonia. Some symptoms which are similar are a fever, coughing, and fatigue. Differences are that Pneumonia can be cured by anti-biotic, but not Mononucleosis. In fact, anti-biotics often make symptoms worse, such as agitation of the rash Mono causes. The biggest is that Mononucleosis is a virus, and Pneumonia is bacterial.
Другие работы по теме:
Poor Are Better Than Rich Essay Research
Paper Erez Cohen Ms. Nyrop English 11B April 5, 2000 The Poor Are The Richest “The poor may have the smallest pockets, but they surely have the biggest hearts”.
Tapeworm2 Essay Research Paper Biological RelationshipIn nature
Tapeworm2 Essay, Research Paper Biological Relationship In nature you see many biological relationship in which two living aninamls have a relationship. One animal will benefits from the other aninaml that animal which lives off the other benefits from that animal or could suffers. A tapeworm and a human are example of a parasitism.
Khufu Essay Research Paper Around 2610 BC
Khufu Essay, Research Paper Around 2610 B.C., the king of Egypt, Sneferu, had his first son, Khufu. Khufu ruled from 2589-2528 B.C. While he ruled, he decided to build a great
Whatever Essay Research Paper him seem naive
Whatever Essay, Research Paper him seem naive and as Scar said from the very beginning ?? gifted with more brawn?? then brains. In the Little Mermaid, Ursula is the villain. She is an octopus who appears to have been educated in Oxford as opposed to living under the sea her whole life. Again, we see a villain with a regal air.
Cyrano De Begerac Essay Research Paper Cyrano
Cyrano De Begerac Essay, Research Paper Cyrano De Begerac, the play and Roxanne the 80?s version of the play have a lot of differences between them. In this essay I chose to write about three of
God Existence Essay Research Paper I do
God Existence Essay, Research Paper I do not believe God exists. I have many reasons why I think that there is no God. One of my many reasons is that there is no way that one man could have
Genes Essay Research Paper Genes are the
Genes Essay, Research Paper Genes are the smallest units of heredity. The information from all the genes, taken together, makes up the blueprint or plan for the human body and its functions. A gene is a short segment of DNA which is interpreted by the body as a plan or template for building a specific protein.
Herodotus Essay Research Paper Herodotus Essay Herodotus
Herodotus Essay, Research Paper Herodotus Essay Herodotus of Halicarnassus was born about 484 B.C. he died 60 years later. For the time he lived in this age was very old though by today’s standards it is not. The reason why his age was so outstanding was in his time the average man live for maybe half that because of the harsh living conditions.
Vbnfg Essay Research Paper Mrs NicholsChoosing to
Vbnfg Essay, Research Paper Mrs. Nichols Choosing to Participate June 14, 2000 Saving the Children Save the Children is an organization that was created to help less fortunate children that have little money for food and clothing. It is a nonprofit association that is working in more than 35 nations to improve the living qualities of the children and their families.
Problems With My Neighbors Essay Research Paper
How are your neighbors with you? You are lucky if they treat you as a member of their family, but what about if it is the contrary? What about if they treat you as a thing not as a human? If this is your situation, I know how you are feeling. I know it because I am living this kind of life. In other words, I do not get along with my neighbors.
Element Essay Research Paper What is an
Element Essay, Research Paper What is an element: Simple substances that can not be broken down into simpler substances. What is an atom: smallest part of an element that can be identified as an element.
Cells Essay Research Paper CellsCells are some
Cells Essay, Research Paper Cells Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. How and why are they so small? Well, cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. As life on earth has evolved into organisms of different species and living things, two basic laws of nature have dictated why cells have remained so small.
I Killed The Deer Essay Research Paper
The poem I choose was ?I Have Killed the Deer?. This poem was written by a Pueblo Indian. He explained how throughout his life he took the other lives of plants and
El Salvador Essay Research Paper About the
El Salvador Essay, Research Paper About the size of Massachusetts, El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America and most densely populated of the Central American countries. El Salvador, the smallest Central American nation, is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the north and east by Honduras and to the south by the Pacific Ocean.
Argument Essay Essay Research Paper In today
Argument Essay Essay, Research Paper In today s society there are many couples that live together. Why let unmarried couples live together? There isn t a specific problem with unmarried couples that live out in the American Society. People are getting divorced left and right in today s age. More than 50% of marriages broke up during the decade of the 90 s.
The Knight Essay Research Paper The Knight
The Knight Essay, Research Paper The Knight and the nun are two completely different people the knight is some one who wants people to think well of them so he dose things to make people thinks will of him where as the nun wants people to think well of her so she became a nun but in reality she is not living up to her vows.
Mountains Essay Research Paper Living by the
Mountains Essay, Research Paper Living by the Mountains If I could choose where I would live, I would live by the mountains. All my life I have been taught to be appreciative of the woods and nature. My love to be in the mountains is partly because of my love of snow. This has given me the passion for the outdoors that I know today.
Living In Sin Essay Research Paper This
Living In Sin Essay, Research Paper This poem?s speaker is a woman who is disillusioned with, and may feel guilty about the relationship she is in. The studio apartment in which she lives,
God Essay Research Paper In the beggining
God Essay, Research Paper In the beggining of the novel, Novalee is a poor, uneducated teenage mother whose own mother abandonded at a young age. She almost seems way to resonsible for being a teenager. She’s living in a walmart, doesn’t have a job and has no family around but she manages to do just fine.
Cells Essay Research Paper CellsCells are the
Cells Essay, Research Paper Cells Cells are the basic unit of all life. Even though they are the smallest unit of life they are highly complex. Each cell has enough parts to it to
Virii Essay Research Paper Viruses are
Virii Essay, Research Paper Viruses are not truly alive. They are much smaller and less complex than cells. Most viruses multiply exclusively inside living host cells. Viruses
A Parents Appearance Essay Research Paper The
A Parents Appearance Essay, Research Paper The relationship between a child and his parents will never change no matter if they do go through a divorce. Parents should always love their kids all the time, even if they don t live with them. Don t get me wrong there are many advantages with living with both the living with one, I know.
The Earth Essay Research Paper THE EARTH
The Earth Essay, Research Paper THE EARTH The Earth’s Place In Space: Despite its own special conditions,the Earth is in some ways similar to the other inner planets the group of planets
Dorm Rooms Essay Research Paper Dorm RoomsI
Dorm Rooms Essay, Research Paper Dorm Rooms I had lived with my parents for twenty years when I decided to move into the dorms at Western Oklahoma State College. There are three major differences between living at home and living in a dorm room. The differences are in privacy, living space, and meals. One thing that I really miss about living at home is the home cooked meals.
Living With Parents Vs Living Alone Essay
, Research Paper Living with Parents vs. Living Alone Living with your family and living all by yourself is like living on two different planets. It will affect every detail of your life, right down to the way you talk, the foods youeat, and how much money you can spend. It will also determine how often your friends visitand how much freedom you have.
Mxpx
–Andrea Essay, Research Paper Andrea Meeting you was just so unexpected I guess I was scared of being rejected Since you were so nice I wouldn’t think twice
Cellular Life Essay Research Paper In this
Cellular Life Essay, Research Paper In this paper I will show my knowledge of many different topics of Cellular Life. I will explain the theory of biogenesis, cell theory, the history of both and how they tie in together. I will also state the scientific method and why it is important to science.
Theme Of Essay Research Paper The Theme
Theme Of Essay, Research Paper The Theme of The Necklace The theme of The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant is it doesn t take much to destroy or save lives. When Mathilde lost her friend s necklace, it ruined the lives of her and her husband. They had to borrow money with outrageous interest rates, move into cheap apartment, and worked very hard.
My Ideal Roommate Essay Research Paper My
My Ideal Roommate Essay, Research Paper My ideal roommate would be a very cooperative person. Becaue we woud share an apartment together, we would have to help each other. If I were ever sick when I was supposed to clean our living room, my considerate roommate would switch turns with me. Also, if she had a car and I didn’t, sometimes she would give me a ride for school.
Aboriginal People Essay Research Paper Many of
Aboriginal People Essay, Research Paper Many of the Aboriginals have developed a way of life that they are satisfied with, but by these big organizations taking control over their communities they have no way of stopping them, without the support of other people in the community. Many aboriginals have lived on these reservations most of their lives, so much of their history has been from living there.
AntiEminem Essay Research Paper We the undersigned
Anti-Eminem Essay, Research Paper We, the undersigned, have committed ourselves to living in this crumbling society. We all know that it is losers such as Marshall Mathers (Eminem) that are at fault for the constant downgrading of our society and social values.