When you share a kiss with your lover on Valentine's Day, you may be revealing a lot more than you realise.
Когда вы целуетесь с вашим возлюбленным в День Валентина, вы, быть может, открываете намного больше, чем думаете.
Locking lips not only stimulates our senses, it also gives us subtle clues about our suitability as mates, US scientists have found.
Соединение губ не только стимулирует наши чувства, оно также дает нам тонкую нить к разгадке относительно нашей совместимости в качестве пары, как это обнаружили американские ученые.
A man's saliva has a "cocktail of chemicals" hinting at his fertility and evolutionary fitness, they said at a conference in Chicago.
Слюна мужчины обладает «коктейлем химических веществ», косвенно указывающих на его способность к воспроизведению потомства и эволюционную пригодность, по их сообщению на конференции в Чикаго.
That may be why the first kiss is often the last - "the kiss of death".
Вот, возможно, почему первый поцелуй - часто последний - «смертельный поцелуй».
Primitive instinct
Первобытный инстинкт
"Kissing is a powerful adaptive mechanism - otherwise we wouldn't see it all over the world. Over 90% of human societies practice kissing, " said anthropologist Helen Fisher, of Rutgers University in New Jersey, at the annual conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Chicago.
«Способность целоваться является мощным адаптивным механизмом - иначе мы не наблюдали бы ее во всем мире. Целуются более чем в 90% человеческих сообществ», - сообщила антрополог Элен Фишер из Рутгерского университета в Нью-Джерси на ежегодной конференции Американской ассоциации за прогресс науки (AAAS) в Чикаго.
"Chimpanzees and bonobos kiss. Foxes lick each other's faces.
«Шимпанзе и карликовые шимпанзе целуются. Лисы лижут друг другу морды.
Birds tap their bills together and elephants put their trunks in one another's mouths.
Птицы постукивают клювом о клюв, а слоны помещают свои хоботы в пасти друг другу.
"So why do we do it? I think it is a tool for mate assessment.
«Итак, почему мы делаем это? Я думаю, что это является инструментом для оценки партнёра.
When you kiss, you can touch, see, feel, taste somebody.
Когда вы целуетесь, вы можете касаться, смотреть, чувствовать, "пробовать на вкус" кого-то.
A huge part of our brain lights up.
Огромная часть нашего мозга активизируется.
"This is a real assessment tool - and can be highly positive or highly negative. In one study, 66% of women and 59% of men had experienced a first kiss which killed the relationship.
«Поцелуй является подлинным инструментом оценки, которая может быть крайне положительной или крайне отрицательной. По данным одного исследования, 66% женщин и 59% мужчин имели опыт первого поцелуя, который поставил крест на отношениях.
It was the kiss of death."
Это был «смертельный поцелуй».
Chemical bond
Химическая связь
As well as acting as a "screening" mechanism for potential mates, Dr Fisher believes kissing evolved to stimulate what she has described as the three key brain systems for mating and reproduction.
Действуя, одновременно, как «фильтр» для потенциальных партнёров, способность целоваться, по мнению доктора Фишер, эволюционировало в стимулятор для того, что она описывает в качестве трех ключевых систем мозга, управляющих поиском партнера и продолжением рода.
The first of these is sex drive.
Первая из них - сексуальное влечение.
"Male saliva has testosterone in it. And men as a group seem to like wet kisses, with an open mouth and more tongue action.
«Мужская слюна содержит тестостерон. И мужчины как группа, кажется, любят влажные поцелуи с открытым ртом и активным действием языка».
"So it may be that, unconsciously, they are attempting to transfer testosterone - to trigger the sex drive in women and push them into being more sexually receptive."
«Поэтому может быть так, подсознательно, они пытаются передать тестостерон, чтобы вызвать сексуальное влечение у женщин и подтолкнуть их к большей сексуальной восприимчивости».
Men also have a poor sense of smell, she said, so by open mouth kissing "they might be trying to pick up traces of a woman's oestrogen cycle, to figure out the degree of her fertility."
Мужчины также обладают недостаточным обонянием, сказала она, поэтому поцелуями открытым ртом «они, возможно, улавливают следы эстрогенного цикла женщины, постигая степень её способности к воспроизведению потомства ».
The second mechanism is romantic love.
Второй механизм - романтическая любовь.
"Kissing is novel, at least at the beginning of a relationship, and novelty stimulates dopamine - which is associated with romantic love, " said Dr Fisher.
«Поцелуй несёт в себе новизну ощущений, по крайней мере, в начале любовных отношений, а новизна стимулирует выработку допамина, который связан с романтической любовью», - сказала доктор Фишер.
Finally, kissing promotes what she referred to as "attachment" or "pair bonding".
Наконец, в-третьих, поцелуй способствует тому, что она назвала «привязанностью», иначе «парной связью».
It helps us to stay together "at least long enough to have children, " she said.
«Привязанность» помогает нам оставаться вместе «по крайней мере достаточно долго для того, чтобы иметь детей», - сказала она.
To study the chemistry which underlies kissing and pair bonding, neuroscientist Dr Wendy Hill, of Lafayette College, recruited a group of college students.
Чтобы изучить химический процесс, лежащий в основе поцелуя и парной связи, учёный в области нейрологии доктор Венди Хилл из Лафайетского колледжа набрал группу из учащихся колледжа.
The young lovers - 15 couples in all - were then split into two groups.
Молодые влюблённые, всего 15 пар, были затем разбиты на две группы.
Some were asked to smooch for 15 minutes, to the soundtrack of relaxing music.
Некоторых просили обниматься и целоваться в течение 15-ти минут, под звучание мягкой и расслабляющей музыки.
The others sat holding hands and talking.
Другие сидели, державшись за руки и разговаривая.
Romantic setting?
Романтическая обстановка?
"Afterwards, we measured the changes in their levels of cortisol - a stress hormone - in their saliva.
«Впоследствии, мы измерили в их слюне изменения уровней кортизола - гормона стресса».
"Levels had declined for everyone in the kissing group.
«Уровни снизились для каждого в целующейся группе.
And the longer the relationship, the lower the cortisol."
И чем продолжительнее любовные отношения, тем более низкий уровень кортизола».
Dr Hill also took blood samples from the couples to measure levels of oxytocin - a messenger molecule associated with trust and sexual intimacy.
Доктор Хилл также брал образцы крови у этих пар, чтобы измерить уровни окситоцина, молекулы которого несут информацию, связанную с доверительной и сексуальной близостью.
After 15 minutes of kissing, the males saw a significant increase in the "pair bonding" chemical.
После 15 минут поцелуев у мужчин наблюдалось значительное увеличение химического вещества, влияющего на «привязанность к партнёру», иначе вещества «парной связи».
But in the females, a decrease in oxytocin was observed.
Однако у женщин наблюдалось уменьшение окситоцина.
"This was very surprising, " Dr Hill admitted. "We are exploring the possibility that the setting - a college health centre - was just not very romantic.
«Это нас удивило» - признал доктор Хилл. «Мы исследуем возможность того, что помещение, где проводилось исследование - центр здоровья колледжа - просто не было достаточно романтичным.
"After all, this is a place where students go when they are ill.
«В конце концов, это место, куда идут студенты, когда они больны.
That may have had an effect on the females."
Что, возможно, повлияло на этих женщин».
Dr Fisher is now running the study again "in a more romantic setting.
Доктор Фишер в настоящее время снова проводит это исследование «в более романтичной обстановке.
"We have a secluded room with a couch, flowers, candles, and a light jazz CD playing."
«У нас есть изолированная комната с кушеткой, цветами, свечами, легкой джазовой музыкой, проигрываемой на CD-плеере».
Interestingly, the females on birth control pills had significantly higher oxytocin levels, even before kissing began.
Интересно, что у женщин, принимающих противозачаточные таблетки, уровни окситоцина были значительно выше, даже до начала целования.
But with so few couples taking part in the study, which has yet to be published, it was not clear if there was any direct link between the two.
Однако с таким небольшим количеством пар, участвующих в этом исследовании, результаты которого должны ещё быть опубликованы, неясно, существует ли какая-либо прямая связь между этим двумя фактами.
By James Morgan
Список литературы
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