La carriere d'Henri Matisse se laisse diviser en trois periodes: de ses debuts а la Premiere Guerre Mondiale, de la fin de la Premiere Guerre Mondiale а la fin de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, de 1945 а sa mort en 1954.
А la premiere periode correspond celle du peintre d'avant-garde, createur et chef d'ecole du fauvisme que le cubisme n'allait pas tarder а detrфner. La seconde a suscite la vision d'un artiste en villegiature perpetuelle sur la Cфte d'Azur, specialiste en menus plaisirs de la retine, elegant praticien de ce que Marcel Duchamp nommait, non sans condescendance, la peinture physique, ayant renonce а l'aventure et obtenu, а ce prix, les suffrages d'un public bourgeois. La troisieme phase, celle des gouaches decoupees, qui marque un retour а l'experimentation la plus hardie a mis а la mode depuis une douzaine d'annees un Matisse figure tutelaire du formalisme abstrait.
Chacune de ces trois interpretations s'ignore au point de sembler contradictoires. Pourtant elles s'eclairent et s'accordent des qu'on met а jour un autre facteur: celui des sujets du peintre qui est la condensation, au sein de l'њuvre, de l'horizon spirituel de l'artiste. En fait, il faudrait plutфt dire du sujet: Vous savez, on n'a qu'une idee, on naоt avec, toute une vie durant on developpe son idee fixe, on la fait respirer [rapporte par Andre Marchand].
Matisse situe le debut de cette regle fixe dans le choix du sujet avec la creation de la toile intitulee La Joie de vivre (1905). Une ample arabesque formee par les lignes et les couleurs atteste de l'interкt naissant de l'artiste pour l'art oriental. Mais l'њuvre accuse aussi de nettes influences de la culture figurative fransaise d'Ingres а Manet, Cezanne, Gauguin. L'emploi des couleurs pures, sans recours aux degrades, aux valeurs, et un dessin lineaire excluant ombres et modele est utilise pour traiter un sujet sans precedent: celui d'une composition inventee, mythologique, une scene pastorale doublee d'une bacchanale comme en peignirent Bellini, le Titien, Poussin et Ingres. Seules activites: les plaisirs de l'amour, de la danse, de la cueillette et une sorte de degre zero du travail.
Tous les themes que Matisse abordera dorenavant s'y trouvent.
L'experience aboutit en 1909-1910 avec les deux grands panneaux "decoratifs" commandes par Serge Chtchoukine: La Danse et La Musique. Ces toiles saisissent le spectateur: la reduction extrкme des moyens - trois couleurs pures, un dessin lineaire, un style simplifie, decoratif appelle le retour du theme mythique.
Puis Matisse fera "le grand bond en avant" de la peinture de chevalet a la "peinture architecturale". Il elabore un art radicalement decoratif dont la chapelle de Vence (1948-1950) et les gouaches decoupees seront les exemples culminants. Cet Art tellement revolutionnaire peut paraоtre en rupture totale avec sa production anterieure, pourtant Il n'y a pas de rupture entre mes anciens tableaux et mes decoupages, seulement plus d'absolu, plus d'abstraction. L'objectif est de susciter un espace plus ample, une lumiere plus rayonnante. L'importance grandissante que prend alors le dessin par rapport а la peinture est le prealable а l'invention d'une ecriture qui est celle des lignes.
J'ai atteint une forme decantee jusqu'а l'essentiel, et j'ai conserve de l'objet, que je presentais autrefois dans la complexite de son espace, le signe qui suffit et qui est necessaire а le faire exister dans sa forme propre et pour l'ensemble dans lequel je l'ai consu. Il s'agit pour moi d'une simplification: le papier decoupe me permet de dessiner dans la couleur.
Sources: Texte de Arnaud Marechal, d'apres Pierre Schneider.
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