The
media play a central role in Britain’s daily life, informing and educating,
questioning and challenging – and of course – entertaining. In recent years the
availability of more radio frequencies, together with satellite, cable and
microwave transmissions, has already made a greater number of local, national
and international services possible. The transition from analogue to digital
transmission technology is now expanding this capacity enormously. The Internet
is providing, increasingly, an additional medium for information, entertainment
and communication.
Television and Radio
Broadcasting
in Britain has traditionally been based on the principle that it is a public
service accountable to people. While retaining the essential public service
element, it now also embraces the principles of competition and choice:
·
the
BBC
(British Broadcasting Corporation), which broadcasts television and radio
programmes;
·
the
ITC (Independent
Television Commission), which licenses and regulates commercial television services, including
cable and satellite services.
·
the
Radio Authority, which licenses and regulates commercial radio services,
including cable and satellite.
The three bodies work to
broad requirements and objectives defined and endorsed by Parliament, but are
otherwise independent in their daily conduct of business.
Television
viewing is by far Britain’s most popular leisure pastime: over 97 per cent of
households have at least one TV set. British television productions are sold
world – wide.
BBC
The
BBC provides two complementary national terrestrial television networks: BBC 1
and BBC 2, which transmit 24 hours a day. It also provides a range of digital
channels, including BBC News 24 and BBC Choice. BBC Network Radio serves an
audience of 29 each week, transmitting 24 hours a day on its five national
networks. BBC has 39 local radio stations serving England and the Channel Islands, and regional and community radio services in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. BBC
World Service broadcasts by radio in English and 42 other languages world –
wide. It has a global weekly audience of at least 140 million listeners. BBC
Worldwide Television is responsible for the BBC’s commercial television
activity. It is one of Europe’s largest exporters of television programmes. It
also runs an advertiser – funded, 24 – hour international news and information
channel; and an entertainment and drama channel broadcast to subscribers in
continental Europe and Africa.
The
BBC’s domestic services are financed predominantly from the sale of annual
television licences; there are no paid advertisements. BBC World Service radio
is funded by a government grant, while BBC Worldwide Television is self –
financing.
Independent Television
The ITC licenses and regulates three commercial television services – Channel 3
and Channel 4 (in Wales the corresponding service is S4C), which complement
each other, and Channel 5 – all financed by advertising and sponsorship. Channel
3 programmes are supplied by 15 regionally based licensees and an additional licensee
providing a national breakfast – time service. Licences for Channel 3 and 5 are
awarded for a ten – year period by competitive tender to the highest bidder who
has passed a quality threshold.
Independent Radio
Independent
radio programme companies operate under licence to the Radio Authority and are
financed mainly by advertising revenue. There are three independent national
services: Classic FM, broadcasting mainly classical music; Virgin 1215, playing
broad – based rock music; and Talk Radio UK, speech – based service. About 200
independent local radio services are also in operation. Stations supply local
news and information, sport, music and other entertainment, education and
consumer advice.
Teletext, Cable and Satellite Services
The BBC and independent television both operate a Teletext service, under which
information is displayed as “pages” of text and graphics on receivers equipped
with the necessary decoders.
Cable services
are delivered through underground cables and are paid for subscription. Cable
franchises have been granted covering areas comprising 83 per cent of all homes
and nearly all urban areas in Britain. In mid – 1999 there were about 12.1
million homes able to receive such services, and 3 million subscribing homes.
Digital technology is being introduced which will support up to 500 television
channels. Cable also has the capacity for computer – based interactive
services, such as home shopping and email.
Many British –
based satellite television channels have been set up to supply programmes to
cable operators and viewers with satellite dishes. Some offer general
entertainment, while others concentrate on specific areas of interest, such as
sport, music, children’s programmes and feature films. The largest satellite
programmer is BSkyB (British Sky Broadcasting) which, with around 7 million
subscribers, dominates paid – for television in Britain. It launched its
digital satellite service in 1998, carrying more than 140 channels.
Satellite
television and cable services are funded mainly by subscription income.
The Press
National
newspapers have an average total circulation of over 13 million on weekdays and
about 14 million on Sundays, although the total readership is considerably
greater. There are 10 national morning daily papers and 10 national Sundays –
five “qualities”, two “mid – market” and three “populars”. There are about
1,350 regional and local newspapers, and over 7,000 periodical publications.
There
is no state control or censorship of the newspaper and periodical press, which
caters for a range of political views, interests and level of education. Where
they express pronounced views and show obvious political leanings in their
editorial comments, these may derive from proprietorial and other non – party
influences.
A
non – statutory Press Complaints Commission deals with complaints by members of
the public about the content and conduct of newspapers and magazines, and
advises editors and journalists. In 1995, the Government rejected proposals for
statutory regulation of the press and for legislation to give protection to
privacy. Instead, it endorsed self – regulation under the Commission and
recommended tougher measures to make self – regulation more effective.
Working
practices throughout the newspaper industry have become more efficient with the
widespread used of advanced computer – based technology. Publishers have been
able to reduce production costs by using computer systems for editing and
production processes.
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