Le nom de
Saint-Petersburg est lié aux pages glorieuses de l’histoire et de la
culture de notre pays. C’est un grand centre culturel celebre dans le monde
entier par ses musees, ses monuments et ses ensembles architectureau uniques.
La Venise du Nord avec ses canaux et ponts innombrables. C’est un centre
d’attraction pour les artistes et les createurs du mond entier et un des plus
riches centres touristiques.
Saint-Petersbourg
est aussi un grand centre politique et commercial. Des temps ancien toutes les
voies principales de commerce passaient à travers notre ville. Et c’est
là que les rencontres politiques très important ont lieu.
En fait notre
ville jouait toujours une role très important non seulement dans la vie
de notre pays mais aussi dans l’histoire europeenne.
Notre ville a
été fondée en 1703 par Pierre le Grand qui la considerait
comme « une fenetre sur l’Europe » et « une fortress importante
contre les enemies du nord » et a recu son nom en l’honneur de Saint
Pierre – le protecteur de Pierre le Grand et depuis ce temps-la de notre ville.
Mais en 1914 pendant la premiere guerre mondiale la ville est devenue
Petrograd.
En 1924,
apres la mort de Lenine , la ville a ete renommee encore un fois et a pris le
nom de Leningrad. Le nom historique est revenu a la ville en 1991 a la suite
d’un referandum.
Pendant la
2-eme guerre mondiale Saint-Petersbourg a ete encerlee par les troupes
allemandes. Notre ville a subi 900 jours de siege. Et des ce temps-la chaque
ann la date de l’enlevement du siege est celebree par tous let habitants.
Saint-Petersburg
a ete la capitale de l’empire pendant presque 2 siecles et possede une grande
quantite d’oeuvres d’architecture et de monuments historiques. Les traits
principaux de notre ville se sont formes deja a l’epoque de son fondateur
Pierre le Grand qui etait ravi de l’Europe et s’est efforce d’accorder l’image
europeenne a sa « creation » et les descendants du tsar ont continue
cette tradition. Apres la guerre presque toute la ville a l’exception du centre
etait en ruines. Mais hereusement les plus anciens et les plus beaux quartiers
de la ville sont restes a peu pres intacts et aujourd’hui on a la possibilite
d’admirer ses chef-d’oeuvres culturelles.
L’un de curieusites
de notre ville est la place du Palais avec sa colonne Alexandre erigee en
l’honneur de la victoire sur Napoleon en guerre 1812-1815.
L’autre curieusite
est la place de Senat dont l’ensemble architectural a ete forme dans la premiere
moitie du 19 siecle. Il se compose des batiments des anciens Senat et Synode et
d’aile occidentale de l’Amiraute. Au centre de la place se trouve une belle
statue de Pierre le Grand. Ce monument, oeuvre du sculpteur francais Falconet,
a ete enchante par le poete russe Alexander Pushkin et actuellement il est plus
connu comme « cavalier de bronze ».
Le plus
ancien batiment de la ville est la fortresse Pierre-et-Paul dont la premiere
pierre a ete posee le 27 mai 1703, cette date est consideree comme celle de la
naissance de la ville. Actuallement ce batiment militaire est une filiale du
Musee de l’histoire de la ville.
La cathedral
Saint-Isaac est un majestueu monument de l’archtecture du 19-eme siecle a ete
construit d’apres le projet de l’architect francais Monferrant. C’est l’une des
plus grandioses cathedrales du monde entier qui peut contenir pres de 15 mille
personnes a la fois. A l’interieur on voit une tres riche collection de
mosaiques du 19-eme siecle.
Le Champ-de-Mars
est une immense place de 12 hectares plantee de buissons. Au centre de laquelle
il y a un monument en l’honneur des morts pour la revolution. C’est un carre
delimite par un mur de granit a degres avec 4 larges entrees de chaque cote. Historiquemment
cette place etait une des premieres places de Saint-Petersbourg. En temps
anciens c’etait la que les defiles militaires s’etait deroules. Le nom actuel
la place a recu a cause du monument a Souvorov erige sur la place a la fin du
18 siecle, dont les traits repellent Mars, dieu de la guerre. A nos jours
cette place est aussi populaire dans notre ville. Il y a meme une tradition
selon laquelle les jeunes mariés deposent les fleures pres de la flamme
eternelle sur Champ-de-Mars.
Du cote nord
du Champ-de-Mars on voit un des plus beaux monuments du classicisme russe – le
Palais de Marbre – dont les murs exterieures et interieures sont recouvres par
les 32 especes de marbre de differentes couleurs. Depuis 1937 ce palais
abritait la filiale du musee centrale Lenine, actuallement c’est la filiale du
musee Russe.
A l’ouest du
Champ-de-Mars se trouvent les anciennes casernes du regiment Pavlovski. Au
present cet edifice est un siege de l’administration des centrales energetiques
du Nord-Ouest.
Un peu au sud
on admire le jardin Mikhailovski et deux monuments d’architecture qui n’entrent
pas dans l’ensemble architectural du Champ-de-Mars, mais ajoutent des traits
tres importantes a sa silhouette : l’eglise de la
Resurrection-de-Jesus-Christ et le Chateau des Ingenieurs.
L’eglise de
la Resurrection, plus connu comme « le cathedral Sauveur sur le
sang » a ete erigee pour l’argent de peuple simple a l’endroit ou le tsar
Alexandre II avait ete mortellement blesse a la suit d’un attendat execute par
les revolutionnairs. Aujourd’hui cet edifice est une filiale du musee de la
cathedrale Saint-Isaac possedant une riche collection de mosaique.
Le Chateau
des Ingenieurs, l’ancien chateau Mikhailovski, a ete erige pour l’empereur Paul
I dont le monument se trouve a l’interieur du court du Chateau. En temps
anciens il abritait l’ecole du Departement du genie militaire. C’est la que a
fait ses etudes le celebre ecrivain russe Feodor Dostoevski.
Donc,
Sain-Petersburg possede un riche heritage architectural forme au cours des
siecles et il y a un probleme tres important de la conservation de ses
ensembles architectureau,de l’esthetique des places, des rues anciennes, des
edifices et des monuments.
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