Bird flu is an infectious disease due to a type of influenza virus
that is hosted by birds, but may infect several species of mammals. It was
first identified in Serbia Montenegro in the early 1900s and is now known to
exist worldwide.
A strain of the H5Nl-type of avian influenza virus that emerged in
1997 has been identified as the most likely source of a future influenza
pandemic and is known to have infected 137 people in Asia since 2003, killing
70.
The avian influenza virus subtypes that have been confirmed in humane,
ordered by the number of known human deaths, are: H1N1 caused Spanish flu, H2N2
caused Asian Flu, H3N2 caused Hong Kong Flu, H5N1, H7N7, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3.
In humane, bird flu viruses cause similar symptoms to other types of
flu. These include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis and,
in severe cases, severe breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal. The
severity of the infection will depend to a large part on the state of the
infected person's immune system and if the victim has been exposed to the
strain before.
It is feared that if a strain of avian influenza virus to which
humans have not been previously exposed undergoes aiitigenic shift to the point
where it can cross the species barrier from birds to humans, the new subtype
created could be both highly contagious-and highly lethal in humans. If a human
infected with influenza virus also acquires H5N1, a mutant strain of bird flu
that can be transmitted from human to human could form. Such a subtype could
cause a global pandemic similar to the Spanish Flu that killed up to 50 million
people in 1918.
Although avian influenza virus in humans can be detected with
standard influenza virus tests, these tests have not always proved reliable.
Currently the most reliable test requires use of the live virus to interact
with antibodies from the patient's blood.
Antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir are sometimes
effective in both preventing and treating the infection. Vaccines, however,
take at least four months to produce and must be prepared for each subtype.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned of a substantial risk
of an influenza epidemic in the near future, most probably from the H5N1 type
of avian influenza virus. One of the primary concerns is that the virus could
quickly spread across countries as various birds follow their migration routes.
In response, countries have begun planning in anticipation of an outbreak.
While short-term strategies to deal with an outbreak focus on
limiting travel and culling migrating birds and vaccinating poultry, long-term
strategies require substantial changes in the lifestyles of the most at-risk
populations.
Птичий грипп
Птичий
грипп — это инфекционное заболевание, вызываемое вирусом гриппа, патогенным для
птиц, которое также может вызывать инфекционное заболевание среди
млекопитающих. Впервые болезнь была обнаружена в Сербии и Черногории, распространившись
сегодня по всему миру.
Считается,
что штамм вируса птичьего гриппа — H5N1, выявленного в 1997 году, является
самой вероятной причиной будущей пандемии гриппа. Известно, что в Азии, начиная
с 2003 года, этим вирусом было заражено сто тридцать семь человек, семьдесят из
которых скончались.
Подвидами
птичьего гриппа, обнаруженного у людей и носящего смертоносный характер, являются
следующие штаммы: H1N1 («испанка»), H2N2 («азиатский грипп»), H3N2
(«гонконгский грипп»), H5N1, H7N7, H9N2, H7N2, H7N3.
У
людей вирус птичьего гриппа проявляет симптомы, подобные симптомам других видов
гриппа, включая высокую температуру, кашель, фарингит, боль в мышцах, конъюнктивит,
а в тяжелых случаях, серьезные проблемы с дыханием и пневмонию, которая может
обернуться летальным исходом. Тяжесть инфекции будет зависеть, в большей
степени, от состояния иммунной системы инфицированного человека. Также имеет
значение, воздействовал ли штамм этого вируса на больного ранее.
Существуют
опасения, что штамм птичьего гриппа, воздействию которого люди не были
подвержены ранее, проходит ряд антигенных изменений, что ведет к рекомбинации
(смешению) генов вируса гриппа птицы и человека. Образованный подтип может
иметь высокую патогенность, а следовательно и высокий уровень летальности для
людей, если человек, заразившийся вирусом гриппа, также приобретает штамм H5N1,
то есть вероятность возникновения у него мутированного штамма птичьего гриппа, который
может передаваться от человека к человеку. Такой подтип может вызвать
глобальную пандемию гриппа подобно «испанке» 1918 года, унесшей жизни
пятидесяти миллионов человек.
Хотя
вирус птичьего гриппа может быть обнаружен при помощи обычных анализов на
наличие вируса, их результаты не всегда достоверны. В настоящее время для
получения наиболее точных результатов необходимо использование живого вируса
для его взаимодействия с антителами крови больного.
Антивирусные
препараты, такие как осальтамивир и занамивир иногда эффективны для
предотвращения и лечения инфекции. Однако для выработки и создания вакцин для
каждого подтипа необходимо как минимум четыре месяца.
Всемирная
организация здравоохранения предупредила о серьезном риске возникновения
эпидемии гриппа штамма H5N1, наиболее вероятного источника вируса птичьего
гриппа в ближайшем будущем. Особая опасность состоит в том, что вирус может
быстро распространиться во всех странах из-за миграции птиц, совершающих перелеты
в разных направлениях. Во избежание распространения вспышки заболевания
разрабатываются специальные меры.
Среди
краткосрочных мероприятий отмечают отстрел перелетных птиц, уничтожение и
вакцинацию домашней птицы. Долгосрочные мероприятия требуют значительных
изменений образа жизни популяций птиц, представляющих наибольшую опасность.
Questions:
1. What is bird flu?
2. When was it identified first? Where?
3. What is considered to be the most likely source of a future
influenza pandemic?
4. When did it emerge?
5. What are avian influenza virus subtypes that have been confirmed
in humans?
6. What do bird flu viruses cause in humans?
7. What will the severity of the infection depend on?
8. How can a strain of avian influenza virus to which humans have
not been previously exposed affect?
9. What can happen if a human infected with influenza virus also
acquires H5N1?
10. What can a mutant strain cause?
11. How can avian influenza virus be detected?
12. What does the most reliable test require currently?
13. What are effective antiviral drugs?
14. How long does it take to produce vaccines for each subtype?
15. What has the World Health Organization warned of?
16. What is one of the primary concerns?
17. What do short-term strategies deal with?
18. What do long-term strategies require?
Vocabulary:
bird flu, avian influenza — птичий грипп
disease
— болезнь, заболевание
due
to — благодаря; вследствие; в результате
mammal
— млекопитающее
to
identify — опознавать, распознавать, выявлять; устанавливать, определять
to
exist — быть, появляться, возникать
worldwide
— во всем мире
strain
— мед. штамм
to
emerge — появляться; вставать, возникать (о вопросе ит. п.)
subtype
— подтип
to
confirm — мед. подтверждать (диагноз)
human
— человек; человеческий
to
cause — послужить причиной/поводом для чего-л.; мотивировать что-л.
similar
— подобный (to); похожий, сходный
fever
— жар, лихорадка; какое-л. заболевание, основным симптомом которого является
очень высокая температура
cough
— кашель
sore
throat — фарингит, ангина
muscle
ache — мышечная боль
conjunctivitis
— мёд. конъюнктивит
severe
— тяжелый, серьезный (о болезни, утрате и т. п.)
severity
— тяжесть (заболевания, травмы)
to
depend — зависеть, находиться в зависимости (от кого-л./ чего-л. — on, upon)
to
expose — подвергать воздействию
previously
— заблаговременно, заранее, предварительно; перед (to)
to
undergo (прош. вр. — underwent; прич. прот. вр. — underwent) — подвергаться
(чему-л.)
shift
— изменение, перемещение, сдвиг; смена, перемена; чередование
point
— зд. момент (времени)
to
create — порождать, производить, создавать, творить
contagious
— заразный, инфекционный, контагиозный
to
acquire — получать, приобретать; овладевать
to
transmit — передавать(ся)
to
detect — замечать, открывать, обнаруживать
reliable
— надежный; верный
currently
— теперь, в настоящее время
to
interact — взаимодействовать; влиять
antibody
— антитело
blood
— кровь
antiviral
— противовирусный
drug
— медикамент(ы), снадобье, лекарственный препарат
to
prevent — предотвращать, предупреждать
to
treat — лечить, проводить курс лечения
to
warn — предупреждать; предостерегать; извещать, оповещать
substantial
— важный, значимый, значительный, немаловажный, существенный, большой
concern
— забота, беспокойство
to
spread (прош. вр. — spread; прич. прош. вр. — spread) — разноситься), распространять(ся)
in
anticipation — для предупреждения
outbreak
— взрыв, вспышка
short-term
— краткосрочный -
to
deal with (прош. вр. — dealt; прич. прош. вр. — dealt) — вести дело, рассматривать
вопрос, решать задачу; принимать меры, бороться
to
cull — отбирать; отсортировывать; браковать, отбраковывать; признавать негодным
to
vaccinate — применять вакцину, вакцинировать, делать прививку
poultry
— домашняя птица
long-term
— долгосрочный; длительный, долговременный
Список литературы
Для
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